VUS.5a The Articles of Confederation

Unit 3OrderPurpose: What: OrderBy: the creation of the ConstitutionSo : we know how order affects our lives.

OrderWhat is it?The established system of social organization.

A condition in which freedom from disorder is maintained through established authority.OrderWhy do we need order?

What does order look like?

Why do we improve order?Order Learning TargetsI can explain:Articles of ConfederationNorthwest Ordinance of 1787Shayss RebellionJames MadisonConstitutional ConventionFederalismVirginia PlanNew Jersey PlanGreat CompromiseThe FederalistsCh 8Creating the ConstitutionCompromise A settlement of a dispute by each party giving up some demands in order to reach a goal.

Essential Question- What compromises emerged from the Constitutional Convention? Vocabulary TermsArticles Of ConfederationNorthwest TerritoryNorthwest Ordinance of 1787Constitution ConventionEnlightenmentRepublicconstitution federalismGreat CompromiseThree-Fifths CompromiseElectoral CollegeRatifyFederalist Papers

Study Skills

Study 5-10 minutes a nightKnow VocabularyUnderstand OrganizationCreate FlashcardsDrill and Practice factsKnow the test giverKnow your strengths and weaknessesRead aloud/Reread/Write downWrite test questionsTeach someone elseComplete chapter reviewCreate a chart or graph

Articles Of ConfederationPurposeWhat- We are going to learn about Order.How- by learning about the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Why- so we understand how Oder affects my life. Members of the Second Continental Congress knew that the former colonies needed to create a central government.

Articles Of ConfederationArticles of ConfederationAfter the Declaration of Independence, Congress tried to unite the states under one national government.Members of Congress were afraid a strong central government would trample their rights.Created Articles of Confederation, a firm league of friendship.States keep their powers. Congress runs national government, each state got 1 vote.Confederate Congress, which had limited powers.Power to :Declare war, raise an army/navy, print (coin) money, set up postal system.No power to impose taxes. They had to ask and states often ignore the request.

Western Lands

Important QuestionsWhat worried James Madison about the future of the United States?

Why did many members of Congress fear a strong central government?

What were some of the governments powers under the Articles of Confederation?

What were some of the governments limitations?

Important QuestionsWhat worried James Madison about the future of the United States?He worried that the states would not work together.

Why did many members of Congress fear a strong central government?They feared such a government would trample their rights.

What were some of the governments powers under the Articles of Confederation?Coin and borrow money, declare war, raise army/navy, negotiate treaties, could settle disputes between states, ask states for money and soldiers, set up postal system.

What were some of the governments limitations?Could not impose taxes, had no president or national court system, had no power to settle disputes, collect money or supply troops.

Early Quarrels and AccomplishmentsThe Articles of Confederation key weakness was that Congress had no power to settle quarrels among states which were mostly about taxes and boundaries.Developing Western LandsConfederation Congress planned to sell western lands to raise money.Land ordinance of 1785 set up system for surveying and dividing public lands know as Northwest Territory- included what is now Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, WisconsinNorthwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance of 1787- a law that divided the Northwest territory into smaller territories which h was governed by a territorial governor. Created a system for adding new states; banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Congress surveyed the land into squares 6 miles on each side. (townships)

Land Ordinance of 1785

Land Ordinance of 1785 Each town was divided into 36 smaller sections, 640 acres each. (the cost was a minimum of $1 per acre) People pooled their money in order to be able to afford a piece of land.

Land Ordinance of 1785

When the population reached 60,000 free citizens, the area could apply for statehood. Ex.) OH, IN, IL, MI, WINorthwest Ordinance (1787) When 5,000 free males of voting age settled an area, it became self-governing. Slavery was outlawed.

Important QuestionsWhat Compromise was made to create and establish the Articles of Confederation.

All western land claims were given to the Confederate Congress.Congress would survey and sell land to be sold to pay off war debt.

Shays Rebellion and the Need for ChangePurposeWhat- We are going to learn about OrderHow- by studying the causes of Shayss RebellionWhy- so we understand how Order affects my life.

Daniel Shays

Shayss Rebellion

Shayss Rebellion and the Need for ChangeUnder the Articles of Confederation, the new nation had serious money problems.Congress had power to coin money but states printed money too.Money became worthless.Massachusetts Farmers RebelFarmers could not pay taxes or debtsCourts orders farmer to be sold to pay taxes and debtsDaniel Shays, a war hero, rebelsShayss Rebellion is ended by Massachusetts militiaA Call for a ConventionShayss Rebellion forces Congress to call a convention to revise the Article of Confederation.Delegates meet in Philadelphia in May 1787James Madison is prepared to create a strong central governmentProblems with the National Government.Confederate Congress could not regulate interstate commerce trade between two or more states so trade laws differed from state to state.Congress could not force states to provide an army, which made it difficult to protect citizens or enforce international treaties.Britain had not yet abandon forts on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes, as required by the Treaty of Paris 1783.Spain closed lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping, which hurt western farmers.

InflationSome States printed large amounts of paper money, creating inflation- increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money.Inflation helps debtors- people who owe money because they can pay back their debts with money that is worth less than what they borrowed.Creditors- people who lend money- were upset at receiving worthless moneyRising inflation and lost trade led to a depression- a period of low economic activity combined with a rise in unemployment.

RevoltSome Massachusetts farmers angry over land taxes carried out a revolt that became known as Shayss Rebellion.Led by Daniel Shays, a poor farmer and Revolutionary War veteran.

OutcomeNational government did not have the power to offer much help during the revolt.Revealed weakness of the U.S. central government and the Articles of Confederation.

Important QuestionsHow did the lack of an army affect relations with foreign countries?

United States had no military to motivate or force other nations to respect its rights.

Important QuestionsWhat conclusion did Americans reach after Shayss Rebellion?

U.S. government under the Articles of Confederation was to weak to respond to crises.

Constitution ConventionWhat- We are going to learn about OrderHow- by understanding why delegates met to revise the Articles Of ConfederationWhy- so we understand how Order affects my life. Constitution Convention

Opening the Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention held at Philadelphias State House in May 1787.Called to discuss ways to improve the Articles of ConfederationGeorge Washington was elected president of the convention

The DelegatesEvery state but Rhode Island sent delegates, for a total of 55Did not include John Adams or Thomas Jefferson who were representing the U.S. in Britain and France.Also not in attendance were Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry.

The Father of the ConstitutionThe most prepared delegate was James Madison, who took good notes and joined in many discussions.

The Rule of SecrecyDelegates needed to be able to speak their minds without fear. All windows, and doors were closed and guarded

Shared Beliefs and Clashing ViewsCommitted to Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness.Believed in a republic, constitution, suffrage, and more powerful government.

Important QuestionsWhy was the Constitutional Convention held?

To discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation.

Homework QuizHow many states and delegates were represented at the Constitutional Convention?What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention?Where was the Constitutional Convention held? (city, state, building)Who was the most influential delegate?Name two famous men who were at the Constitutional Convention and two men that were not. Issue: How Should States Be Represented in the New GovernmentWhat- We are going to learn about Order

How- by understanding the issues with how states should be represented in government

Why- so we understand how Order affects my life. Virginia PlanHow Should States Be Represented in the New Government? Virginia proposes to create new document.Several issues divided delegates, particularly along state and regional lines.The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan, or large state plan, was written mainly by James Madison.Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to central government.Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government.Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. Legislative Branch(Congress)would be bicameral (2 Houses) representation was based on state population.Opposed by small states, because larger states could over power them.New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan, or Small state plan, was offered by William Paterson.

Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to state governments.Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government.Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. Legislative Branch(Congress) would be unicameral (1 House) each state receiving equal representation.Opposed by larger states, because smaller states would have more influence

8.6 Resolution: The Great CompromiseWhat- We are going to learn about Order

How- by understanding the Great Compromise

Why- so we understand how Order affects my life. The Great CompromiseResolution: The Great CompromiseLarge and small states could not agree on either plan.Tempers Rise The smaller states did not trust the larger states.They threatened to ally with a foreign nationA Compromised Is ReachedThe Great Compromise was offered by Connecticut delegate Roger ShermanCreated new constitution that gave supreme power to central government.Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government.Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. Created a bicameral (2 houses) legislature, in which each state received equal representation in the upper house (Senate) and population-based representation in the lower house (House of Representatives).Homework QuizWhat plan called for the legislative branch to be based on population?

What was the compromise called that settled the dispute between large states and small states?

Who presented the New Jersey Plan?

How many houses did the Virginia Plan purpose?

How many houses in the legislative branch did the compromise include and how would representation be determined?name of house- how many representatives

8.7 Issue: How Should Slaves Be CountedWhat- We are going to learn about Order

How- by understanding the issues with how slaves should be counted

Why- so we understand how Order affects my life. Three-Fifths CompromiseIssue: How Should Slaves Be CountedNow that representation was settled how do we count slaves?People or Property?Southern delegates wanted slaves to be counted like everyone else for purposes of representation.Northern delegates thought slaves were property and should not be counted to determine representation but should be counted to determine taxes. Northern also stated that if they are to be counted as people then make them citizens and let them vote.Under so-called Three-Fifths Compromise, each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation.New Thinking on SlaveryMany Northern states began thinking slavery was wrong because of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and many states passed laws ending slavery.Although many southern were uneasy about slavery they would not abolish it because their economy depended on it.

8.8 Resolution: The Three-Fifths CompromiseWhat- We are going to learn about Order

How- by understanding the Three-Fifths Compromise

Why- so we understand how Order affects my life. 8.8Resolution: The Three-Fifths Compromise After much debate Madison proposed a compromise. Under so-called Three-Fifths Compromise, each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation in the House of Representation.Another Slavery IssueNorthern wanted congress to control trade between states and other countries.Southern worried that congress would taxes southern exports like rice, tobacco and use that power to outlaw the slave trade.Southern and northern delegates disagreed over ending the foreign slave trade. More Compromises on Slavery.Under another compromise, Congress could control trade but could not tax exports.northern delegates would wait 20 years before attempting to end foreign slave trade; southern delegates would not ask that laws in Congress require a two-thirds majority vote to pass.They agreed to fugitive slave clause

Important QuestionsHow did the delegates resolve disagreements over slavery and representation?

Each slave would count as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation.

Congress would make no laws about Slave Trade for 20 years.Homework QuizHow did delegates from Pennsylvania want to count slaves?

How did delegates from Virginia want to count slaves?

What did the two sides agree to do about the slave trade?

What is the Three-Fifths Compromise about? (Slavery?)

If the Great Compromise was between large and small states, who was the Three Fifths Compromise between?8.9 Issue: How Should the Chief Executive Be Elected What- We are going to learn about Order

How- by understanding how the Chief Executive should be elected

Why- so we understand how Order affects my life. Electoral CollegeIssue: How Should the Chief Executive Be Elected James Wilson wanted a single person like a King.Others were not happy with that ideaOne Executive or Three?Some delegates want one executive to make clear, timely and responsible decisionOthers, like Edmund Randolph, wanted three to keep one from abusing power.Choosing the Chief ExecutiveSome delegates wanted Congress to appoint the President Some wanted the people to appoint the PresidentOthers wanted a chosen special group called electors to do it.Electoral CollegeResolution: The Electoral College Delegates agreed on one Executive.Could not break a tie for People or Congress to electFinally agreed on Electoral College.The Electoral SystemElectoral college is a group of electors who cast their vote to elect President/Vice president every four yearsElectoral number is House Representatives plus Senators.States use to choose the Electors but now the people do.Political Parties and ElectionsDelegates could not predict the advances in communication or the rise of political partiesA candidate can win the popular vote but lose the Electoral voteBig IdeaWhat was the path to ratification of the Constitution?Vocabulary TermsAmendmentsAntifederalistsGeorge MasonFederalistsFederalist PapersBill of Rights8.11- 8.12

What- We are going to learn about Order

How- by learning how the Constitution was ratified

Why- so we understand how Order affects my life.

Ratification

The Convention EndsThe hard work designing the Constitution is over but not finished until the states approve it.Approving the ConstitutionShould the Constitution be ratified (approved) by all 13 or majority (7)? They compromised on (9) states for approvalWho should ratify it, state legislatures or the people? They decided to have each state call a special convention with delegates elected by the people.It would not be easy!!!Signing the ConstitutionThe Constitution was complete on 9/17/1787.Not all delegates signed the Constitution.13 left before it was signed and 3 refused to sign.They believe it gave too much power to Federal government or that it did not protect individual rights.

RatificationThe Constitution Goes to the StatesPeople are worried about a strong national government.The FederalistsSupporters of the new Constitution were called Federalists.They believed it was strong enough to unite the states without threatening rights.Included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of papers defending the Constitution. They were called the Federalist Papers.The Anti-FederalistPeople who opposed the new Constitution were called Antifederalists.Some Antifederalists thought the Constitution Convention had overstepped its bounds: others thought the Constitution gave central government too much power.

Important QuestionsWhat objections to the Constitution did Antifederalists raise?

Gave too much power to central government.Lacked a bill of rights.Convention was not suppose to write a new Constitution.

The Federalists PapersDefending the ConstitutionThe Federalist Papers were a series of essays defending the Constitution.Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay were the authorsArgumentsNew central government would not overpower the states.Many groups of U.S. citizens, with their many points of view, would prevent any single group from controlling the government.Fixed many problems that existed under the Articles of Confederation.Widely read and printed, and influential in gaining support for the ConstitutionImportant QuestionsWhat arguments in favor of the Constitution did the authors of the Federalist Papers present?

Protects powers of the statesNo single group would be able to control governmentWas an improvement over the Articles of Confederation

The Ratification FightDebate over ApprovalNeeded only nine states to pass.Every state except Rhode Island held a special convention to discuss the Constitution.

Process of RatificationDelaware ratified the Constitution first, in December 1787Went into effect after the ninth state, New Hampshire, ratified it in June 1788.Four remaining states all ratified the Constitution by May 1790.Important QuestionsHow many states had to ratify the Constitution before it went into effect?

of the states which is - Nine