Unit-3 In-Organic chemistry

Unit-3 In-Organic chemistryPCT-112IHS gabs

Enablers At the end of session students will be able to Appreciate importance of inorganic chemistry Show basic understanding of periodic table Understand periodic table trends Write electron configuration for elements Appreciate Inorganic compounds as Pharmaceutical aids and necessities

Inorganic chemistry Is the study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds

This field covers allchemical compounds except the organic compounds

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and reactivity of all chemical elements

Organic compounds incorporating carbon-metal bonds are calledorganometallic compounds3

Industrial inorganic chemistryTraditionally, the scale of a nation's economy could be evaluated by their productivity of sulfuric acid

Aluminium sulfate,ammonia,Ammonium nitrate,ammonium sulfate, Chlorine,hydrochloric acid,Hydrogen,hydrogen peroxide,Nitric acid and many others

Descriptive inorganic chemistryFocuses on the classification of compounds based on their properties. Partly the classification focuses on the position in the periodic table of the heaviest element (the element with the highest atomic weight) in the compound,

Periodic table (Dmitri Mendeleev 1869) Theperiodic tableis a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their

Atomic number(number of protons in the nucleus),Electron configurations, and Recurringchemical properties

Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with thechemical symbolin each box

The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 rows

The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangularblocks: thes-blockto the left, thep-blockto the right, thed-blockin the middle, and thef-block below that.

The rows of the table are calledperiods; the columns are calledgroups,Some of these having names such as halogensornoble gases. A periodic table incorporatesrecurring trends, the table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements

Periodic table trends

Groups in periodic tableAgrouporfamilyis a vertical column in the periodic tableGroups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocksGroup trendsElements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in theirvalence shell

Elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number

From top to bottom in a group, the atomic radii of the elements increaseSince there are more filled energy levels, valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus.

From the top, each successive element has a lower ionization energy Because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound.

From top to bottom there is a decrease in Electronegativity Due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus

Periods in periodic tableAperiodis a horizontal row in the periodic tableAlthough groups generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends

Moving left to right across a period, atomic radius usually decreasesBecause each successive element has an added proton and electron which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleusThis decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase

Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus

Metals (left side of a period) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals (right side of a period), with the exception of the noble gases

Trends in periodic table

Electron configuration

Electronic configurationIt is the representation of the arrangement of electronsdistributed among the orbital shells and subshells

Many of the physical and chemical properties ofelements can be correlated to their unique electron configurations.

Thevalence electrons, (electrons in the outermost shell) are the determining factor for the unique chemistry of the element

The four different types of orbitals(s, p, d, and f) S = 2 ep = 6 ed = 10 e f = 14 eThe electron configuration of each element is unique to its position on the periodic tableThe energy level is determined by the period and thenumber of electrons is given by the atomic number of the element

P N

e-Orbit Energy Level1st Orbit = 2e-2nd Orbit = 8e- 3rd Orbit = 18e-4th Orbit = 32e-

Assigning Electron OrbitalsElectrons fill orbitals in a way to minimize the energy of the atom1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, and 7p

Electron Notation using s p d fThe total number of electrons in each energy level is described by a superscript that follows the relating energy levelFor Helium = 1s2 (Z=2)For Oxygen = 1s22s22p4 (Z=8)For Fluorine = 1s22s22p5 (Z=9)For bismuth = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p3 (Z=83)

The periodic table is used as a reference to accurately write the electron configurations of all atoms

Can you identify the following element

1s22s22p63s23p4

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6

Sulphur Z=16 and Ferrous Fe z= 2623

Inorganic compounds as Pharmaceutical aids and necessities

water Purified water, water for injection, water as vehicle etcPharmaceutical acceptable glass, Acids and bases Sodium Hydroxide, phosphoric acid.Topical Agents: Protectives (Calamine,titanium dioxide, talc, kaolin), Astringents Zinc oxide, Zinc Sulphate)

Anti-infectives Boric Acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine, Povidone Iodine, Potassium permanganate, Silver nitrate).

Dental Products: Dentifrices-anti-caries agents (Sodium fluoride).

Antacids Bismuth subcarbonate, Aluminiumhydroxide, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium carbonateMagnesium trisilicate,

Cathartics Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Magnesium sulphate and other Magnesium compounds),

Protective and adsorbents Activated Charcoal, Light Kaolin, Aluminium sulphate

Miscellaneous Agents: Expectorants (Ammonium chloride, Potassium Iodide),Antioxidants (Sodium metabisulphite)

Physiological ions / electrolytesPhysiological ions, Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy (Calcium chloride, Calcium gluconate, Calcium lactate, Calcium levulinate, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride).

Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects.

Essential and Trace Elements:

Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance. Iron and haematinics (Ferrous fumarate, Ferrous gluconate, Ferrous sulphate, Ferric ammonium citrate, iron polymaltose complex), Mineral supplements (Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Sb, S, I).

Coordination compounds and complexation: Study of such compounds used in therapy including poison antidotes (Calcium folinate, Sodium thiosulphate).

Inorganic Chemistry has applications in every aspect of the chemical industryincluding Catalysis, Materials science, Pigments, Surfactants, Coatings, Medicine, Fuel, and Agriculture

Our everyday life could not be thought of without large contributions from Inorganic Chemistry. Most catalysts utilized in organic chemistry are metal-based as are the conducting, semi-conducting and insulating materials upon which the electronics industry relies heavily.

Life on earth would not be possible were it not for the metals in biological systems, Such as iron in hemoglobin which has a pivotal role in oxygen transport, and The metal ions at the center of enzymes which help regulate several biological processes

Home work activity Google and write 1 paragraph for each of following advance applications of inorganic chemistryBiomedical uses of lithiumGold complexes with anti-arthritic, anti-tumour and anti-HIV activityNitric oxide in physiology and medicineTherapeutic aspects of manganese (II)-based superoxide dismutase mimicsVanadium compounds as possible insulin modifiersCisplatin-based Anticancer AgentsDinuclear and trinuclear plantinum anticancer agents

THANKING YOU