Ch 11: The Age of Imperialism

Sec 4: Imperialism in Latin America

Unit 3: Industrialization and Nationalism

I. Power Struggles in Mexico Early Conflicts Independence from Spain – 1821 Under rule of Antonio de Santa Anna (1833-1855) Benito Juarez came to power & tried to reform

economy, 1855 Led to civil war (1858-1861)

Second Mexican Empire, 1864-1867 1861 – French Emperor Napoleon III est. puppet

govt. under Maximilian (Austrian Archduke) Maximilian executed after French withdrew troops Mexico re-established republic under B.Juarez

Mexican Revolution

Juarez died & Porfirio Diaz took over Est. dictatorship that favored wealthy Imprisoned opponent- reformer Francisco Madero

Madero released, fled to US, and starts rebellion Supported by Pancho Villa & Emilio Zapata, who led

raids against Diaz govt. Madero elected president in 1912 but soon

overthrown by army (Gen. Victoriano Huerta) Both Villa & Zapata attacked Huerta’s army in

protest U.S. Marines sent to restore order in 1912

Carranza Takes Over

1914: Huerta resigns / Venustiano Carranza became new president

U.S. recognized Carranza govt. but Villa & Zapata start another civil war

Villa attacks Texas towns to discourage U.S.

US Army chases Villa back into Mexico but fail to catch him

Villa agrees to stop attacks by 1920 1917- Carranza works to reform Mexico

but unable to lead them out of poverty

VenustianoCarranza

II. Growing U.S. Influence

Cuba

1860s – Cuba fought for independence from Spain Spain exiled revolutionary leaders Jose Marti inspires Cuban revolutionaries from NYC

1895- Marti founds Cuban Revolutionary Party, returns to Cuba, joins uprising against Spanish

Spain overreact; tries to crush rebellion, killing Marti

Spanish Gen. Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler est. concentration camps & commits atrocities

Spanish-American War, 1898

U.S. sympathy for Cuba Seen as “freedom fighters” Power of press – yellow journalism

“Remember the Maine” Feb. 1898 – USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor Papers blame Spanish espionage

“A Splendid Little War” U.S. easily defeated Spain in Cuba & Philippines in

less than 3 months U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, & Philippines in

treaty; Cuba becomes U.S. protectorate (Platt Amendment)

Revolt in the Philippines

Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel against U.S. imperialism Believed they would be independent

after Spanish control Over 200,000 Filipinos killed! ; Revolt

failed

U.S. controls Philippines till 1935

Panama Canal (1904-1914) 1880s–French began construction; bogged

down U.S. bought land in 1903 but Colombia (in

control over Panama) refused to let U.S. build Pres. T. Roosevelt encouraged revolution to

overthrow Colombian govt. & make Panama independent country

Revolution successful & U.S. given permission to continue with canal

Completed in 1914 (made trip from CA to NY 8,000 mi. shorter)

The U.S. Increases Power in Latin America

The U.S. Warns Europe

1823 – Monroe Doctrine issued declaring the Americas to be off limits to Europe

By late 1800s, Europe economically involved in Latin America

T.R. developed Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine; U.S. would use military force to keep Europe out

The U.S. Intervenes in Latin American Affairs

US will send troops several times in 1900s to keep stability in area Haiti, Dominican

Republic, Nicaragua, & Cuba

Took over control of these nations’ finances to keep Europe out & “prevent financial chaos”