8th Grade US History (CCA 2013-2014)

M. SHOMAKER

UNIT 3:CAUSES OF THE

CIVIL WAR

What led to civil war?1.Manifest Destiny

2.Trouble in California

3. “Slavery” [there’s much more to this]

4. Failed compromises

5. 1860 election

What was What was Manifest Destiny?Manifest Destiny?

The time has come for everyone to stop treating Texas as an alien, and to stop thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.

-John O. Sullivan “Annexation” [1845]

WHYWHYNOW?NOW?

The Mexican WarThe Mexican War

Roots of the Roots of the ConflictConflict

• Protestant Texas vs. Catholic Mexico

• Immigration restrictions• Mexico forbid slavery

James Polk• Two-term Governor of Tennessee, Speaker of the House, & won against Whig Henry Clay in 1844

• Ran on “Manifest Destiny”

•US had God-given right to the West

•Annex Texas/Occupy Oregon

• How did his presidency preface war?

•Lower tariffs & independent treasury caused “boom”

•Gained Oregon Territory & California*

Mexican-American War• Texas was Mexican territory

• Americans were allowed to settle there

• Santa Anna imposed strict stipulations

• Stephen Austin encouraged revolt

• American victory led to annexation debate (imbalance)

TREATY OF TREATY OF GUADALUPE GUADALUPE

HIDALGOHIDALGO

TREATY OF TREATY OF GUADALUPE GUADALUPE

HIDALGOHIDALGO

Mexican-American War…cont’d.• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war

• Annexed Texas into the US

• Mexican land cession worth $18 million

Wilmot Proviso• Suggested ban on slavery in new territories from Mexico

• Slaveholders viewed it as an attack

• Led to the creation of the “Free-Soilers”

Trouble in California• President Taylor (1848) courted “Free-Soilers” &

Northern Democrats

• Advised California to apply for statehood quick

• California’s entry was blocked (imbalance)

• Resulted in the “Compromise of 1850”

• Created by Clay, Webster, & Stephen Douglas

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 demonstrated just how fractured the country had become over the issue of slavery.

1Fugitive Slave Act

2California is a free state

3456

New Mexico/Utah Slavery-NR

Texas boundaries Slavery-NR

Slave trade abolished in D.C.

$10 million in reparation

2California is a free state

4New Mexico/Utah Slavery-NR3New Mexico/Utah Slavery-NR

6 $10 million in reparation

Fugitive Slave Act

Allowed slave-owners to use Federal power to return runaways

No right to trial

One white accuser

If accused, even free blacks could be enslaved

Divided the Whigs

North and South: North and South: A ComparisonA Comparison

SlaverySlavery

Small % of Small % of plantation ownersplantation owners

States & Pop.States & Pop.23 states + border states 23 states + border states & territories & territories

22 million (4 million)22 million (4 million)

11 states + limited 11 states + limited border state assistanceborder state assistance

9 million (1.2 million with 9 million (1.2 million with 3.5 million slaves)3.5 million slaves)

EconomyEconomy100,000 (1.1 million workers)100,000 (1.1 million workers)

20,000 (101,000 workers)20,000 (101,000 workers)

20,000 miles of rail20,000 miles of rail

9,000 miles of rail9,000 miles of rail

Dred Scott Decision• Slave Dred Scott sued for freedom

• Taney court denied

•Blacks were not citizens

•Congress could not outlaw slavery

• Denied civil rights and opened territories to slavery

STATES STATES RIGHTS RIGHTS

S.C. S.C.

Congress approved Congress approved force to crush South force to crush South

CarolinaCarolina

18331833

Children…Yummy!

Henry Clay

Bleeding Kansas

POPULAR POPULAR SOVEREIGNTYSOVEREIGNTY

Bleeding Kansas• 1854: Kansas-Nebraska act gave “Popular Sovereignty”

• Radicals took votes away from settlers

•“Border Ruffians” from Missouri

•“Emigrant Aid Society” from East

• Numbers favored slavery & drafted “Lecompton Constitution”

• Abolitionists formed separate gov’t. in Lawrence

Bleeding Kansas…cont’d.• 1855: Beginning of the “Wakarusa War”

• 1856: Slave-state supporters sacked Lawrence

• Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner

Bleeding Kansas…cont’d.• 1855: Beginning of the “Wakarusa War”

• 1856: Slave-state supporters sacked Lawrence

• Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner

• Out of the fray came John Brown

john brown

chosen by God

hunted by creditors

a murderous hand

a fierce devotion

saint or sinner?

transplanted from the east to Kansas

intellectually & radically opposed to slavery

<won him the support of Yankee abolitionists>

Pottawatomie Massacre

Lincoln• Elected to US Congress (Whig) in 1846

• Early views on slavery:

•Opposition to slavery’s expansion

•Gradual emancipation

•Colonization

• Put him at odds with both major parties

• Had contradictory views on the issue

Lincoln…cont’d.• “Slavery should not be expanded but left untouched where it exists.” -Lincoln

•“Slavery must be cut out like a cancer.” -Lincoln

•Passed the Emancipation Proclamation freeing only slaves in the 11 official Confederate States

Antebellum Politics • Much more diverse than today

• “The Know-Nothings”

•Emerged from splintered Whig party

•Most were “Nativists”

•Hated a few things:

• Irish

• Germans

• Catholics

• Blacks

Election of 1860• After Harper’s Ferry, Republican party grew as the abolitionist party

• Many Democrats sided with slave-holders

• Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas

• Lincoln’s moderate views/egalitarian image helped him in a landslide (Douglas won Missouri)

• Lincoln won and the South was fed up

Secession!• South Carolina voted to secede four days later

• Ten states followed•Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia

•Feb. 1861: C.S.A. founded under Jefferson Davis

•Took advantage of Buchanan’s “lame duck”

• “Crittenden Amendments” failed

Proposed Crittenden Compromise, 1860

Secession! …cont’d.•Basis of secession:

•No Constitutional limitation

•“States Rights”

•Powerful anti-slavery Republican party/Northern interference

•Historical precedent

•Worldwide nationalism

•Not all southerners wanted secession (WV) and not all northerners wanted war