Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior 3-A (The Neuron) Mr. Debes A.P. Psychology.
Unit 3: Biological Psychology
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Transcript of Unit 3: Biological Psychology
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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 3: Biological Psychology
Essential Task 3-5a.Describe the subdivisions and functions of the Central Nervous SystemA. Brain
i. Brain StemMedulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Thalamus
ii. Limbic SystemHypothalamus, Amygdala, and the Hippocampus
iii. Cerebral Cortex (Left and Right Hemispheres and the corpus callosum)Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and the Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory CortexWernicke's Area and Broca's Area
B. Spinal Cord
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We are here
Nervous SystemCentral
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Brain
Brain Imaging
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Building Blocks
Building Blocks
GeneticsGenetics
EvolutionaryEvolutionaryEndocrine
SystemEndocrine
System
Neurotransmitters
SomaticAutonomic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Biological Psychology
Spinal Cord
Neurons
SensoryMotor
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Essential Task 3-5: CNS
A. Brain i. Brain StemMedulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Thalamusii. Limbic SystemHypothalamus, Amygdala, and the Hippocampusiii. Cerebral Cortex (Left and Right Hemispheres and the corpus callosum)Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and the
Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex Wernicke's Area and Broca's AreaB. Spinal Cord
Outline
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The Brain Stem (Automatic Functions)
Brain Structure Primary Function Secondary Function
Medulla Respiration, blood pressure, heart rate
Vomiting
Pons Puts you to sleep
Reticular Formation Attention, regulates awareness
Cerebellum Balance and coordination
Thalamus Directs sensory information to the rest of the brain
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Older Brain Structures
The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord
swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.
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Brain Stem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem It controls autonomic functions and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord.•respiration•blood pressure •heart rate •reflex arcs •vomiting
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Brain Stem
Pons and inside that the (Reticular Formation) is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.•It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep.
The Reticular Formation controls:•Attention •Cardiac Reflexes •Motor Functions •Regulates Awareness •Relays Nerve Signals to the Cerebral Cortex •Sleep
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Brain Stem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base
of the brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling
arousal.
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Brain Stem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs
messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits
replies to the cerebellum and
medulla.
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The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It
helps coordinate voluntary movements
and balance.
Cerebellum
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Limbic System (Emotion Center)
Brain Structure Primary Function Secondary Function
Hypothalamus Drives: Hunger, Thirst, Sex
Temperature control
Amygdala Fight or Flight
Hippocampus STM to LTM
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The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural
structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and
drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
The Limbic System
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AmygdalaThe Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and
anger.
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Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating,
drinking, body temperature, and
control of emotions. It helps govern the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
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Rats cross an electrified grid for
self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the
reward (hypothalamus)
center (top picture). When the
limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree (bottom picture).
Reward CenterS
anjiv Talw
ar, SU
NY
Dow
nstate
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Cerebral Cortex
Brain Structure Primary Function Secondary Function
Occipital Lobe Visual Processing
Parietal Lobe Spatial ReasoningFrontal Lobe Decision Making Temporal Lobe Auditory sensory
information Motor Cortex Movement Sensory Cortex SensationWernicke’s Area Understanding
SpeechBroca’s Area Producing Speech
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The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
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Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four
lobes that are separated by
prominent fissures. These lobes are the
frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of
head).
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Functions of the Cortex
The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary
movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives information from skin
surface and sense organs.
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Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.
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Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the
auditory cortex is active in patients who
hallucinate.
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More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the
cortex.
Association Areas
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Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere
damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s
area (impaired understanding).
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Specialization & Integration
Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words
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Can you make a purple circle with a cross in the middle?
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Fun with your Hemispheres
• Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the opposite foot in the other direction.– No problem since controlled by two hemispheres
• Now, rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the foot on the same side in the other direction.
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Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.
The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and
comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.
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Hemispheric Specialization
• Corpus Callosum– Fibers that connect the
two hemispheres– Allow close
communication between left and right hemisphere
• Each hemisphere appears to specialize in certain functions
• (See Worksheet)
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The Wagner Preference Inventory
• (a) left, logical• (b) left, verbal• (c) right, manipulative/spatial • (d) right, creative
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Hemispheric Specialization
People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in
mental abilities.
A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a perceptual
task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task.
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Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
(mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
Corpus Callosum
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Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed,
objects (apple) presented in the right
visual field can be named. Objects
(pencil) in the left visual field cannot.
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Divided Consciousness
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The Spinal Cord
• Complex cable of nerves that connects brain to rest of the body
• Carries motor impulses from the brain to internal organs and muscles
• Carries sensory information from extremities and internal organs to the brain
• 400,000 people a year in US either partial or complete paralysis.
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The Spinal Cord
• The spinal cord controls some protective reflex movements without any input from the brain