Unit 3: Atomic Structure€¦ · Practice Packet Unit 3: Atomic Structure Pre-AP Chemistry 9...
Transcript of Unit 3: Atomic Structure€¦ · Practice Packet Unit 3: Atomic Structure Pre-AP Chemistry 9...
Practice Packet Unit 3: Atomic Structure Pre-AP Chemistry
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Unit 3:
Atomic Structure
Name: ___________________________
Class Period: ________
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Vocabulary
For each word, provide a short but specific definition from YOUR OWN BRAIN! Don’t give a textbook or
an internet definition. Write something that will help YOU remember the word.
Anion: ___________________________________________________________________________________
Atom: ____________________________________________________________________________________
Atomic Mass: _____________________________________________________________________________
Atomic Number: ___________________________________________________________________________
Bohr Model: ______________________________________________________________________________
Bright Line Spectra: ________________________________________________________________________
Cation: ___________________________________________________________________________________
Electron Configuration: _____________________________________________________________________
Electron: _________________________________________________________________________________
Excited State: _____________________________________________________________________________
Ground State: _____________________________________________________________________________
Ion: ______________________________________________________________________________________
Isotope: __________________________________________________________________________________
Mass Number: ____________________________________________________________________________
Neutron: _________________________________________________________________________________
Nuclear Charge: ___________________________________________________________________________
Nucleus: _________________________________________________________________________________
Orbital: __________________________________________________________________________________
Proton: ___________________________________________________________________________________
Quantum Mechanical Model: ________________________________________________________________
Sublevel: _________________________________________________________________________________
Valence Electrons: _________________________________________________________________________
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Building an Atom Inquiry Activity: Google “Build an Atom Phet” Run this simulation on “Atom”
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Lesson 1: Atomic Structure
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Additional Practice: Lesson 1
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History of the Atomic Structure Models
John Dalton (1766 – 1844):
John Dalton was an English chemist. His ideas form the atomic theory of matter. Here are his ideas.
All elements are composed (made up) of atoms. It is impossible to
divide or destroy an atom.
All atoms of the same elements are alike. (One atom of oxygen is like
another atom of oxygen.)
Atoms of different elements are different. (An atom of oxygen is
different from an atom of hydrogen.)
Atoms of different elements combine to form a compound. These
atoms have to be in definite whole number ratios. For example, water
is a compound made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of
oxygen (a ratio of 2:1). Three atoms of hydrogen and 2 atoms of
oxygen cannot combine to make water.
1. What is the name of John Dalton’s theory? _____________________________________
2. What are elements made of? ________________________________________________
3. An atom of hydrogen and an atom of carbon are _________________________________.
4. What are compounds made of? _______________________________________________
5. The ratio of atoms in HCl is: a) 1:3 b) 2:1 c) 1:1
J. J. Thompson (Late 1800s):
J. J. Thompson was an English scientist. He discovered the electron when
he was experimenting with gas discharge tubes. He noticed a movement in
a tube. He called the movement cathode rays. The rays moved from the
negative end of the tube to the positive end. He realized that the rays were
made of negatively charged particles – electrons.
1. What did J.J. Thompson discover?
_____________________________________________
2. What is the charge of an electron? ____________________________________________
3. What are cathode rays made of? ______________________________________________
4. Why do electrons move from the negative end of the tube to the positive end?
__________________________________________________________________________
5. What was Thompson working with when he discovered the cathode rays?
__________________________________________________________________________
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Lord Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937): Ernest Rutherford conducted a
famous experiment called the gold foil experiment. He used a thin sheet of
gold foil. He also used special equipment to shoot alpha particles (positively
charged particles) at the gold foil. Most particles passed straight through the
foil like the foil was not there. Some particles went straight back or were
deflected (went in another direction) as if they had hit something. The
experiment shows:
Atoms are made of a small positive nucleus; positive nucleus
repels (pushes away) positive alpha particles
Atoms are mostly empty space
1. What is the charge of an alpha particle? _______________________________________
2. Why is Rutherford’s experiment called the gold foil experiment? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How did he know that an atom was mostly empty space? __________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What happened to the alpha particles as they hit the gold foil? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. How did he know that the nucleus was positively charged? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Niels Bohr (Early 1900s):
Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist. He proposed a model of the
atom that is similar to the model of the solar system. The electrons
go around the nucleus like planets orbit around the sun. All
electrons have their energy levels – a certain distance from the
nucleus. Each energy level can hold a certain number of electrons.
Level 1 can hold 2 electrons, Level 2 - 8 electrons, Level 3 - 18
electrons, and level 4 – 32 electrons. The energy of electrons goes
up from level 1 to other levels. When electrons release (lose)
energy they go down a level. When electrons absorb (gain) energy,
they go to a higher level.
1. Why could Bohr’s model be called a planetary model of the atom? __________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How do electrons in the same atom differ? _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How many electrons can the fourth energy level hold? ____________________________
4. Would an electron have to absorb or release energy to jump from the second energy level to the third energy level?
_____________________________________________________
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Lesson 2: Electron Configuration
PART A – ORBITAL DIAGRAMS & LONGHAND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Use the patterns within the periodic table to draw orbital diagrams and write longhand electron configurations for the following atoms.
Symbol
# e- Orbital Diagram and
Longhand Electron Configuration
1. Mg
2. P
3. V
4. Ge
5. Kr
6. O
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PART B – SHORTHAND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Use the patterns within the periodic table to write the shorthand electron configurations for the following elements.
Symbol # e-
Shorthand Electron Configuration
7. Ca
8. Pb
9. F
10. U
PART C – RULES OF ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS Which of the following “rules” is being violated in each electron configuration below? Explain your answer for each. Hund’s Rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle
11.
__ __
1s 2s 2p
12.
___ _ _
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
13.
_
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
14.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
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Lesson 3: Ions
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Additional Practice: Lesson 3
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Lesson 4: Isotopes and Average Atomic Mass
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Additional Practice: Lesson 4
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Lesson 5: Ground vs. Excited State
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Emission Spectra
Base your answers for questions 4-5 on the diagram below, which shows the bright-line spectra of selected
elements.
4.
5.
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Lesson 6: Lewis Dot Diagrams
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Additional Practice: Lesson 6