Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT...

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Unit 3 & 4: Genetics Unit 3: Macro - Genetics Unit 4: Micro - Genetics What we can see such as our physical features What we cannot see such as DNA

Transcript of Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT...

Page 1: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3&4:Genetics

Unit3:Macro- Genetics

Unit4:Micro- Genetics

Whatwecanseesuchasour

physicalfeatures

WhatwecannotseesuchasDNA

Page 2: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Liger?

Page 3: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Glofish realorfake?

Page 4: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Glowinthedarkmice?

Page 5: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Belgianbluebull

Page 6: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Leading questions:

1. What is genetics? 2. What evidence do

YOU know that makes genetics exist?

Page 7: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Watch this:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vAAf4g5iF8

Gregor Mendel –Why was his research so significant?

Page 8: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Gregor Mendel: 1822 – 1884

• Studied garden peas (ok what’s so important about it?)

What he observed was:

• There was a MATHETMATICAL relationship of traits being passed down into the next generation!

Page 9: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

What does this mean?

• If there is a mathematical relationship, then that means that genetics is NOT random!

• You can ’calculate’ the probability of traits being passed down.

Page 10: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Lookattheratios!

Theyarenearlya3to1ratio!

Page 11: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Howdoesthis“genetics”stuffallwork?

Page 12: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Let’sreview

Mitosis Meiosis

• Whenanorganismgrows,itundergoesmitosis.

• Mitosisissimplycellsdividingbycopying thegeneticmaterial(DNA).

• Everyresultisthesameasbefore.

Page 13: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Let’sreview

Mitosis

Thecellls willgrowbycopyingoldcells.TheDNAwillbethesame.

Page 14: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Let’sreview

Mitosis Meiosis

• InMeiosis,thisistheprocessthatleadstoourgeneticdiversity.

• Let’stakeacloserlook.

Page 15: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Geneticsthatwecansee

Let’sreview

Meiosis

Everysexcellsproducedwillbedifferent

Page 16: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Meiosis

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

“The process that’s saving our humanity, maybe. ”

Yeung

Page 17: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Leadingquestion• Howcomeyouandyoursibling(s)donotlookexactlyalike?

JessicaSimpson AshleeSimpson

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Page 18: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Meiosis• Meiosisistheprocessinwhichsperm andegg cellsareproduced.

• Sperm andegg cellsarecalledreproductive cells(sexcells)incomparisontosomatic cells (anyotherbodycell.• Whatmakessexcellsdifferentthansomaticcellsisthateverysexcellwillcontaintraitsfromthemotherandfatherrandomly!

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Page 19: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Insidethetestis,spermisproduced.Theprocessspermisproducedisviameiosis.

Page 20: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Whatdoesmeiosislooklike?

Page 21: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

ThisismeiosisYepthere’salotofstuffhappening

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Page 22: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Keythingstonoteformeiosis:

1. Meiosisiscelldivision(fromonecellto4cells)

2.Youstartoffwithacellwithtraitsfrombothparents(pairofchromosomescalleddiploid=2n) butendsupwithjust1copy(singlechromosomethathasbeenmixed.Haploid=1n)

3.Crossingoveroccursinmeiosiswhichallowsthe

exchangeofgeneticmaterial.

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Page 23: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Mappingoutmeiosis

Page 24: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •
Page 25: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

KeyTermstoknowforMeiosis

Chromosomes:• Humanshave46chromosomesor

22pairshomologouschromosomes.• Chromosomesarelargestrandsof

DNAHomologousChromosomes

• Apairofchromosomesthataresimilarinlengthandgenes.(1fromdadand1frommom).

SisterChromatids• Eachindividualchromosomethat

hasbeenreplicatedduringmeiosis

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

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Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Note the differencesbetween the terms.

Homologouschromosomes arechromosomes that aresimilar with genes/traitssuch as hair colour fromdad and hair colour frommom NOT hair colourand genes for big toe.

Page 27: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Thischromosomeaccountsfor“brownhair”

Thischromosomeaccountsfor“blondehair”

Crossingoverhappensat“Chiasma”whereDNAisexchangedfromonechromosometotheotherhomologue

Resultsingeneticvariationbetweensperm/eggcells

Page 28: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Meiosis

Mitosis• Somaticcells(cellsthatareNOTsexcells)• Noexchangeofmaterial(resultingcellsaresameasparent)• Occursin1phase• Resultingcellsarediploid(2N)orhavebothsetsofchromosomes• 2cellsareformed

Meiosis• Onlyinsexcells(gametes• Exchangeofgeneticmaterial• Occursin2phases• Resultingcellsarehaploid(1N)orhave1halfsetofthechromosomes• 4sexcellsareformed(eggcellsdegeneratetoresultin1)

Page 29: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Chromosomes

Let’stalkaboutourchromosomes

Page 30: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Chromosomes

• Chromosomesarestructuresfoundinsidethenucleusofthecell.

• ItisbasicallyastructurethatisalongspoolofDNAwrappedaround.

• Itcarryallofourgenes

• Humanshave46chromosomesor23pairs.

Page 31: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Chromosomes

• 22ofthe23pairsareautosomes,whicharechromosomesforallofourtraitswhilethe23rd pairofchromosomes(xandy)determinethesexoftheorganism.

• XX=females• XY=males

Page 32: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Non-disjunctiondisorders

Page 33: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Whathappenswhenyouhaveanextrachromosomeor

missingchromosome?

Page 34: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Non-disjunctiondisorder

Non-disjunctiondisorderiswhenchromosomesfailtoseparateduringmeiosisleavinganextraormissingchromosomeinthesexcell.

Page 35: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Asaresult,thespermoreggcellwillnothaveorwillhaveanextrahomologouschromosome.

Page 36: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Whenfertilizationoccurs,thezygote(sperm+egg)willhaveanunevennumberofchromosome.

Page 37: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Herearesomenon-disjunctiondisorders:

1. DownSyndrome– trisomy21(extrachromosomeonchromosome#21).

2. Klinefelter syndrome– ExtraXchromosomeinmalesresultinginXXY.

3. Turnersyndrome– MissingXchromosomeinfemalesresultinginjustX.

Page 38: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Refertothereadingsforeach.

Page 39: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Page 40: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Turner’ssyndrome

Page 41: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Trisomy18– Edward’ssyndrome

Extrachromosomeon#18

Lessthan10%willseetheir1st birthday

Page 42: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Trisomy13– Patau syndrome

Extrachromosomeon#13

Only5– 10%willseetheir1st birthday.Mostwilldiewithinfirstdaysorweeksoflife.

Page 43: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Non-disjunctiondisorders

Sohowdowedetermineifafetushasanon-disjunctiondisorder?

Page 44: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis• Takessampleof

amnioticfluid(theliquidthefetusgrowsin)fromthemother

• Inthefluid,therearecellswherethebabyhasshedfromhis/herskinandbladder

Page 45: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Karyotyping

Thecellsarethenanalyzedforthenumberofchromosomespresent.

ThismethodiscalledKaryotyping.

Page 46: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Karyotyping

Karyotyping pairsupallofthehomologouschromosomesandlabeled1to21

Page 47: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Karyotyping

Male Female

Page 48: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Karyotyping

Downsyndrome (Trisomy21)

Page 49: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Kleinfelter SyndromeXXY

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Karyotyping

Page 50: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

TurnerSyndrome(X)

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Karyotyping

Page 51: Unit 3 & 4: GeneticsUnit 3:Macro genetics – Meiosis Mitosis • Somatic cells (cells that are NOT sex cells) • No exchange of material (resulting cells are same as parent) •

Summary• Inthissetofnotes,youshouldhavelearntthefollowing:• Mitosis• Meiosisandtheirimportance• Chromosomesinhumans• Non-disjunctiondisorders• Karyotyping

Unit3:Macrogenetics– Summary