AN EMERGING INDUSTRIAL GIANT

Unit 2 (Red Book: Chapters 6 & 8)(Green Book: Chapter 6)

LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICY Doctrine stating that government generally should not interfere in private business Late 1800s:

People liked the idea of little to no government interference in business BUT.. Many favored government involvement when it benefited them:

High tariffs on imports Land grants & subsidies

HORIZONTAL CONSOLIDATION

The process of bringing together many firms in the same business to form one large company Basically, the larger company buys out smaller competitors by forming profit-sharing trusts (Ex: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil)

VERTICAL CONSOLIDATION

Process of gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development Owning all the different phases of production (Ex: Carnegie Steel)

INDUSTRIAL GIANTS

Robber Baron: Implies that the business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the publicCaptain of Industry: Suggests that the business leaders served their nation in a positive way

INDUSTRIAL GIANTS

http://www.hippocampus.org/History%20&%20Government?loadLeftClass=CourseCombination&loadLeftId=10&loadTopicId=1609

INDUSTRIAL GIANTSPersuasive Essay: I will assign you an industrial giant to research (use classroom resources). Decide whether or not he is a “robber baron” or a “captain of industry.” Use evidence from the text to support your well-developed answer.

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Transportation: Railroads & Industry

Offered rapid, more efficient transportation (of people and goods) Cheaper shipping National markets

Transcontinental Railroad Connected east and west coasts by rail Provided jobs for immigrants Increased settlement in the West

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Communication: Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844 Cyrus W. Field’s transatlantic cable improved overseas communication in 1866 By 1900, telegraph lines linked all continents in a global network of cables

Telephone Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 User-friendly 1.5 million phones in 1900

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Energy: Oil

First drilled in 1859 Much more readily available Led to a boom in drilling & refining

Electricity Already in very limited use by the late 1800s Invention of the light bulb in 1890s made it practical and possible to rely less on the sun New electric machines were much more efficient than steam-powered machines Led to a boom in employment

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Thomas Edison Developed the world’s first modern research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ Edison’s lab produced over 1,000 patented inventions

Phonograph, light bulb, mimeograph machines, motion picture camera

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

George Westinghouse Inventor who produced 400 patents

1869 – Air-brakes for railroads 1885 – transformer for producing high voltage alternating current

Led to: Lighting of cities Electric street cars Subways Household appliances

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Steel The Bessemer Process made it cheaper and easier to make steel from iron Mass production of steel became possible New era of building

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Other inventions that improved Business: 1867 – Typewriter 1879 – Cash Register 1880 – Adding Machine 1887 – Calculating Machine

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

Consumer Use Inventions: 1884 – Lewis Waterman’s Fountain Pen 1888 – George Eastman’s Kodak Camera 1895 – King Gillette’s Safety Razor

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES

1. How did these advances impact production in the United States?2. How did these advances impact the structure of businesses in the United States?3. How did these advances impact the workforce in the United States?4. How did these advances impact society in the United States?

THE NEW COLOSSUS

COLOSSUS OF RHODES

THE NEW COLOSSUS Construction of The Statue of Liberty began in 1875 In October 1886, there was a ticker-tape parade and dedication ceremony welcoming The Statue of Liberty to New York

1878 – Paris World’s Fair

THE NEW COLOSSUS

THE NEW COLOSSUS

IMMIGRATION European Immigration:

1845 – 1854: 3 million immigrants Processed by New York State officials

Ellis Island, New York: 1892 – 1954: 12 million immigrants

Asian Immigration: Angel Island, San Francisco

1910 – 1940: 1 million immigrants Why did immigration slow down?

REACTIONS TO IMMIGRATIONNativists Try to restrict immigration Believe government should support native-born Americans over immigrantsTemperance Movement / Purity Crusaders Try to ban alcohol, drugs, gambling, and prostitutionSettlement Movement Try to help immigrants improve their lives by offering education, child care, and health care

URBANIZATIONAnnotate the provided article & Answer:1. Reasons that millions of people moved to the cities: Immigrants: Rural emigrants:2. Areas of the country that saw the greatest growth:3. Workplaces that needed millions of workers who lived close by:4. Results of the rapid urbanization:

REFORM (CHAPTER 8, SECTION 4)Late 1800s: The richest 9% of Americans hold nearly 75% of the national wealth.

Most of these people were in favor of “Social Darwinism” Roughly 91% of Americans held only 25% of the national wealth

Many of these people were immigrants living in cities

SOCIAL DARWINISM Belief that only the strongest in a society should flourish, while the weak should be allowed to die (applied to business: laissez-faire) Americans were divided on the issue of government interference in private business. Applied to immigrants:

Basically led to ghettos and slums..

REFORMJacob Riis Immigrated to America from Denmark in 1870 Reporter

Published How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Used flash photography to capture the poor conditions many New Yorkers were forced to live in.

REFORM Many people were moved to join groups that helped the needy.

1882 – New York Charity Organization Society Kept detailed files on those who received help Wanted immigrants to adopt middle-class American standards of child raising, cooking, and cleaning.

REFORM The Social Gospel Movement

1880s & 1890s Urban churches began providing services for the poor Sought to apply the gospel of Jesus directly to society, focusing on charity and justice

1908 – Federal Council of the Churches of Christ Supported providing improved living conditions and a larger share in the national wealth for all workers

REFORM The Settlement Movement

Young, educated men and women settled into a house in poor neighborhoods (basically a community center) Hull House, established by Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr, offered Chicago residents child-care centers, cultural events, classes, health care clinics, legal advice, etc.. By 1910, there were more than 400 settlement houses around the country

REFORM Compare the Social Gospel Movement to the idea of Social Darwinism.

You can either do this in a Venn Diagram in your notes, or just make a list..

TAMMANY HALL FRAME WS

Tammany Hall Article “I Seen My Opportunities and I Took ‘Em”

Identify 2 main ideas and details for each document Determine whether or not Tammany Hall had more of a positive or a negative impact on New York. Write a 5 – 7 sentence paragraph supporting your opinion.

REFORM LEGISLATION 1870 - 1920Act Important Information Government’s ResponseSherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

• Company had to interfere with “restraint of trade”• Act was weakly worded and hard to enforce•

• Laissez-faire attitude• Placate growing dissention•

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)Federal Reserve Act (1913)

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 2013 Unit 2 Test

Laissez-Faire Policy Business Consolidation Industrial Giants Innovations & Advances The New Colossus Immigration Urbanization Reform Tammany Hall Reform Legislation

AMERICA: THE STORY OF US

Heartland: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2uLHEoP8RwCities: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A62zL8xd_8