UNIT 2B-1

BIOCHEMISTRY PART 1

The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Inorganic chemistry- the study of all other compounds

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four bonds with many other elements.

One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.

These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds.

Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings.

WHY IS CARBON SO SPECIAL?

HONC 1234

OrganicAre usually defi ned as

compounds which contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain additional elements as well)

Are produced only by living things (biotic).

Range from simple to very complex.

Contain strong, covalent bonds.

Examples: CH4, C6H12O6, SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

InorganicUsually defined as

compounds that do not contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain just carbon.)

Often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic) environment, but :

Can also be made by/found in living things.

Examples: H2O, NaCl, O2, NH3, CaCO3, CO2

table

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Substance Organic? Inorganic?

1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl

   

2. glucose: C6H12O6   

3. water: H2O    

4. heating oil: C14H30    

5. chitin (a protein): C8H12NO5   

6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C5H5N2O2

   

7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4   

8. oxygen gas: O2   

9. ethanol: C2H5OH    

10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C10H16N5O13P3

   

11. carbon dioxide: CO2   

The main organic molecules of living things

Are Polymers made from monomers Monomers are small repeating units Polymers are larger molecules made from

putting the monomers together. 4 major groups of macromolecules:

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Protein

MACROMOLECULES

MACROMOLECULES

GROUPBasic Building

Blocks (Monomers)

Macromolecule (Polymer)

Carbohydrates    

Lipids   

Nucleic Acids    

Proteins    

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

TriglycerideGlycerol3 fatty acids

Nucleic Acid(DNA or RNA)

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Polypeptide/protein

The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss.

MACROMOLECULES

  Carbohydrates

Lipids Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Foods in

which they are

found

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Breads, fruit, sweets, vegetables

Fats (butter), oils (olive, etc.)

All foods that came from living things

Meat, fish, beans, soy

2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to build up or break down organic molecules into larger or smaller units

These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein)

Dehydration synthesishydrolysis

BUILDING AND BREAKING DOWN MACROMOLECULES

The chemical reaction where a large molecule is formed/synthesized from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

The chemical reaction where a large molecule is broken down/hydrolized into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule

HYDROLYSIS

disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide

Are sugar moleculesMade of the elements C, H, O in the

ratio of 1:2:1Main source of energy for living things

They range from small, monosaccharides (simple sugars)

to intermediate molecules such as disaccharides,

to large polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides smallest unit or monomer of a carbohydrate can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form

larger molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides

• Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose• Chemical Formula: C6H12O6

CARBOHYDRATES

glucose galactose fructose

C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

Structural Isomers – same formula, but different structures

Another monosaccharide is ribose. It is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

CARBOHYDRATES

glucose galactose fructose

C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

ribose

C5H10O5

Disaccharide- a compound made by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

Examples: 1. Sucrose (table sugar)- made from a glucose

combined with a fructose2. Lactose (milk sugar)- made from a glucose

combined with a galactose

CARBOHYDRATES

Polysaccharides- large molecules made by combining many monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

CARBOHYDRATES

3 main examples of polysaccharides:

CARBOHYDRATES

Polysaccharide:

Found in: Made of: Used for:

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Plants (starch granules)

Glucose monomers

Storage of excess sugar

Animals (liver and muscles)

Glucose monomers

Storage of excess sugar

Plants (cell walls)

Glucose monomers

Rigidity for firm cell walls

Structure of Polysaccharides All made of glucose monomers but in different

arrangements:

CARBOHYDRATES

Straight chain

Branched chain

Diagonal bonds, many combined chains

Why do endurance athletes often consume a diet high in complex carbohydrates while training?

If a starch polysaccharide 100 glucose molecules long is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are needed to break the bonds?

CARBOHYDRATES

Are important for energy, cell structure, and waterproof coatings.

Generally not soluble in waterContain C, H, O (NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio)Lipids do not have a repeating structural

monomer unit. They do not technically form polymers. Diff erent lipids have diff erent structures.

LIPIDS

*1)Fats- triglycerides that are solid at room temperature; usually from animal sources

Examples: butter, shortening, lard

*2) Oils- triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature; usually from plant sources

Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil

3) Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves.4) Steroids - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal vision and in photosynthesis.5) Phospholipids – important structural component of cell membranes

TYPES OF LIPIDS

Triglycerides are lipids that form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules called fatty acids.

The structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride

TRIGLYCERIDES

Glycerol

3 fatty acids

1) A fatty acid is SATURATED if each carbon in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom by a single bond (no C=C double or triple bonds)

tend to form molecules called Saturated fats which are solid at room temperature.

contain the maximum amount of hydrogens possible.

unfortunately, not very 'heart-healthy'!

SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

A fatty acid is UNSATURATED if there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond (monounsaturated). A fatty acid is said to be POLYUNSATURATED if there are more than one carbon-carbon double bond tend to form molecules called

oils which are liquid at room temperature.

contain fewer hydrogens these are more "heart-healthy"!

SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis.

This occurs at the carboxyl end of each fatty acidThe carboxyl group can be written as COOH or -COOH.

The carboxyl group contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl (–OH) group.

FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES

Carboxyl group

How many water molecules are removed in the formation of 1 triglyceride?

Why do you think saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquids? Think about the structure/layout of each.

TRIGLYCERIDES

SaturatedUnsaturated

Melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts.

Which one of the fatty acids in the table is saturated?

Which is monounsaturated?

Which are polyunsaturated?

How does the number of double bonds aff ect the melting point?

FATTY ACIDS

-11

-5

Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA)

Contain C, H, O, N, P.Made of monomers called nucleotidesMany nucleotides come together by

dehydration synthesis to form the nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA) Three parts to a nucleotide

Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group

NUCLEIC ACIDS

A special nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores & releases energy.

ATP molecules are nucleotides but do not come together to make polymers.

EXCEPTION

Notice 3 phosphate groups instead of one in the ATP nucleotide

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic acid that stores

genetic information Holds the codes (genes)

for proteins Contains the 5-carbon

sugar deoxyriboseRNA- Ribonucleic acid

The helper molecule for DNA in the making of proteins

Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose

DNA AND RNA

How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?

CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

DNA RNA Protein

Trait