Unit 2 Test Study Guide
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Unit 2 Test Study Guide 1. List and define leadership styles: 2. Define “Conformity ”: Compliance with standards, rules and laws. 3. What are the “Functionalist ” views on why people form groups? Society needs groups and organizations to maintain order within societal structure. 4. Define “Reference Group ”: A social group that a person takes as a standard in forming attitudes and behavior 5. Define “Ingroups ” and “Outgroups ”. An Ingroup is a group in which a person psychologically identifies as being a member, an Outgroup is a social group in which a person does not identify. 6. Define “Social Group ”: Two or more people who interact with each other, have common characteristics and collectively share a sense of unity. 7. Define “Group Think ” and know the steps that occur that lead to poor decision making as groups. Know why it is dangerous for organizations. Groupthink is a process in which a social group may come to a decision that individually they think is unwise. Occurs out of the need to feel accepted and not seen as a challenge to the group leaders. 8. Define “Deviance ”: the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. 9. Define “Crime ”: an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
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Unit 2 Study Guide for Sociology 101
Transcript of Unit 2 Test Study Guide
Unit 2 Test Study Guide
1. List and define leadership styles:
2. Define “Conformity”: Compliance with standards, rules and laws.
3. What are the “Functionalist” views on why people form groups? Society needs groups and organizations to maintain order within societal structure.
4. Define “Reference Group”: A social group that a person takes as a standard in forming attitudes and behavior
5. Define “Ingroups” and “Outgroups”. An Ingroup is a group in which a person psychologically identifies as being a member, an Outgroup is a social group in which a person does not identify.
6. Define “Social Group”: Two or more people who interact with each other, have common characteristics and collectively share a sense of unity.
7. Define “Group Think” and know the steps that occur that lead to poor decision making as groups. Know why it is dangerous for organizations. Groupthink is a process in which a social group may come to a decision that individually they think is unwise. Occurs out of the need to feel accepted and not seen as a challenge to the group leaders.
8. Define “Deviance”: the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
9. Define “Crime”: an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
10. List functions of “Deviance”: Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism and Rebellion.
11. Using Merton’s string theory, define the types of deviance according to Merton:
Conformity: Accepts culturally approved goals, pursues them through culturally approved means.Innovation: Accepts culturally approved goals but adopts culturally disapproved means of achieving them.Ritualism: Abandons society’s goals but continues to conform to approved means.Retreatism: Abandons both approved goals and approved means to get them.
Rebellion: Challenges both approved goals and approved means to achieve them. Seeks to replace with new goals and new ways to achieve them.
12. Compare a “felony” crime to a “misdemeanor”: Felonies are more serious crimes with higher penalties such as jail time. Misdemeanors are lesser crimes, usually resulting in no jail time but heavy fines.
13. What activities are common for organized crime groups? Drug control, Extortion, Theft, Prostitution, Money Laundering, Smuggling, and Human Trafficking.
14. Know differences in arrest rates based on gender. Men are arrested more for crimes than women, except for prostitution and commercial vice (prescription drug abuse).
15. Know the goals of “Punishment”. Retribution (repayment), General Deterrence (threat of greater punishment), Incapacitation (Prison), Rehabilitation (therapy or vocational training)
16. Define “Social Stratification”: Societies categorization of its peoples.
17. Define “Inter-generational Mobility”: Movement between or within social classes and occupations, where the change occurs from one generation to the next.
18. Understand “Slavery” in the United States (historically and modern):
19. Where do caste systems still exist? Second and Third World countries such as India, China and some countries in Africa.
20. Define “Wealth”: An abundance of valuable possessions or money
21. Define “Rentier”: Anyone who receives income from Economic Rents: Patents, Copyrights, Real Estate, etc.
22. Define “Socioeconomic Status” economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation
23. What kinds of jobs do the “working poor” hold? Service Occupations such as janitorial, landscaping, food services, etc.
24. Define “Food Insecurity”:
25. How have the differences between rich and poor people in the U.S changed over time?
26. What continent has the highest number of poor nations?
27. What is the primary means to reduce inequality and alleviate the worst of the effects of poverty?
28. What is the Gross National Income?
29. What is “Capitalist Flight”?
30. Explain why crime statistics may not be an accurate reflection of the number and kinds of crimes committed?
31. Define the official poverty line and explain why the poverty line does not accurately measure whether or not people can meet their basic needs.
32. Distinguish between absolute, relative and subjective poverty.
