Unit 2: Individuality and Personalitymysocialclass.com/psych-145-u2p9-trait-theori.pdf · E. Trait...
Transcript of Unit 2: Individuality and Personalitymysocialclass.com/psych-145-u2p9-trait-theori.pdf · E. Trait...
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Unit2:IndividualityandPersonality
Part9:TraitTheories
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Objec;ves:
1. Explainthemainfeaturesoftraitpersonality.
2. DescribeAllport’s,Ca=ell’s,andEysenck’stheoriesofpersonality.
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I.Introduc;on
A. Howdowedescribepeople?Aretheyfriendly?Kind?Aggressive?Dotheyappearthiswayinnearlyallcircumstancesandsitua;ons?Weashumansgivemanytermstodescribethepeopleweinteractwith,thesetermsarecalledtraits.Atraitisatendencytorespondthesamewayindifferentsitua;ons.Itisawaythatoneindividualdiffersfromanother.
trait:Atendencytoreacttoasitua;oninawaythatremainsstableover;me.
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II.WhatistheTraitTheoryofPersonality?
A.Psychologistswhostudytraitsassumetwothings:1. First,everytraitappliestoallpeople.(Example:
weallhavesomeamountofarroganceorsomeamountoffriendliness)
2. Second,theamountofatraitsomeonehascan
bemeasured.
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II.WhatistheTraitTheoryofPersonality?(con’t)
B. Psychologistsbelievethatbyiden;fyingpeople’straitswecanbeSerunderstandthemandevenpredicttheirfuturebehavior.
C. Inaddi;ontotryingtoiden;fytraits,researcherstrytoexplainwhypeopletendtoactthesamewaymostofthe;me.Forexample,peoplemaybeaskedtodescribeanobservedbehaviorandthenlistatraitthatbestdescribesthebehavior.
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II.WhatistheTraitTheoryofPersonality?(con’t)
D. Thechallengesoftraittheoryareindeterminingwhetherabehaviorisanactualtrait.Forinstance,doiden;fiedbehaviorsoccuracrossALLsitua;onsofaperson?IsapersonhappyinALLseWngs?Doobservedbehaviorsindicateanactualtraitoristhebehaviorasignofamorebasictrait?
Example:Iss;nginessreallypossessiveness?
Thechallenge,orques;on,forresearchersisdeterminingwhatbehaviorsgotogether.
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III.GordonAllport:Iden;fyingTraits
A. GordonAllportbelievedthataperson’straitswillbeconsistentindifferentsitua;ons.Bystudyingwordsthatdescribepersonalityinadic;onary,Allportcreatedalistoftraits.Hedefinedcommontraitsasthosethatapplytoeveryone.Healsoiden;fiedindividualtraitsthatapplymoretoapar;cularperson.Theseindividualtraitsdividedintothreetypes:
1. CardinalTraits2. SecondaryTraits3. CentralTraits
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III.GordonAllport:Iden;fyingTraits(con’t)
1. CardinalTraits:Cardinaltraitsarethosethataretherarest.Theytendtodominateanindividual’swholelife,oZentothepointthattheindividualbecomesspecificallyknownforthesetraits.
Example:“Honesty”isacardinaltraitofAbrahamLincoln.
cardinaltrait:Atraitthatissopervasivethatthepersonisalmostiden;fiedwiththetrait
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III.GordonAllport:Iden;fyingTraits(con’t)
2. SecondaryTraits:Secondarytraitsarethosethattendtoappearonlyincertainsitua;onsorundercertaincircumstances.
Example:Apersonwhoisnormallyverycalmmaybecomeanxiouswhenspeakingtoagroupofpeople.
secondarytrait:Atraitthatappearsonlyincertaincircumstancesorsitua;ons
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III.GordonAllport:Iden;fyingTraits(con’t)
3. CentralTraits:Centraltraitsarethosetraitsthatbestdescribeaperson.Centraltraitsarethecoretraitsthattendtoremainrela;velystablethroughoutlife.Manytraittheoriesofpersonalityfocusonthesetraits.Thesetraitsserveasthe"buildingblocks"ofpersonality.
Centraltrait:Atraitthatbestdescribestheessenceofapersonality
Examples:Apersonis…shy,outgoing,reserved,happy,etc.
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IV.RaymondCaSell:Sixteen-TraitTheory
A. RaymondCaSelltookAllport’sideasastepfurther.He,andotherresearcherswantedtoseehowstronglydifferenttraitsrelatetooneanother.Usingamathema;calprocedurecalledfactoranalysis,CaSelliden;fied46surfacetraits,ortraitsthatonecanobserve.
Surfacetrait:Acharacteris;cthatcanbeobservedincertainsitua;ons
Factoranalysis:Acomplexsta;s;caltechniqueusedtoiden;fytheunderlyingreasonswhyvariablearecorrelated
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IV.RaymondCaSell:SixteenTraitTheory(con’t)
B. Fromthe46surfacetraitsiden;fiedbyCaSell,hefoundthatsomeoccurinclusters.Fromtheseheiden;fied16sourcetraitsthathebelievedwerethecoreofpersonality.Hebelievedthatbymeasuringsourcetraits,psychologistscouldpredictpeople’sbehaviorincertainsitua;ons.
Sourcetrait:Acharacteris;cthatcanbeconsideredtobeatthecoreofpersonality
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IV.RaymondCaSell:SixteenTraitTheory(con’t)
C. CaSellusedhis16sourcetraitstodevelopapersonalityques;onnairetomeasurethetraitsofanindividual.Eachtraitispairedwithanoppositeonacon;nuum.
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V.HansEysenck:DimensionsofPersonality
A. HansEysenck,anEnglishpsychologist,usedfactoranalysisofdataanddeterminedtherearetwobasicdimensionsofpersonalitywhichare(1)stabilityversusinstabilityand(2)extroversionversusintroversion.
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V.HansEysenck:DimensionsofPersonality(con’t)
B. Thefirstdimension,stabilityversusinstability,referstothedegreetowhichpeoplehavecontrolovertheirfeelings.
C. Theseconddimensionwasactuallyiden;fiedyearsearlierbyCarlJungasextroversionversusintroversion.
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V.HansEysenck:DimensionsofPersonality(con’t)
1. OneonesideofEysenck’sdimensionsareextroverts,lively,sociable,outgoing,ac;vepeople.Extrovertsenjoypar;es,people,andseekexcitement.
2. Ontheotherendofthedimensionareintroverts,thosepeoplewhoaremorethoughgul,reserved,passive,unsociable,andquiet.
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V.HansEysenck:DimensionsofPersonality(con’t)
D. YearsaZerheiden;fiedthefirsttwodimensions,Eysenckaddedathird,psycho;cism.
1. Atoneendofthisdimensionareself-centered,hos;le,
andaggressivepeoplewhoactwithoutmuchthought.2. Theotherendtendstobesociallysensi;ve,highoncaring
andempathy,andeasypeoplewithwhomtowork(Eysenck,1970,1990).
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VI.TheRobustFive
A. Overtheyears,psychologistshaveshownthatfivetraitsappearoverandoverindifferentstudies.Thesetraitshavebecomeknownasthe“fiverobustfactors”or“thebigfive”ofpersonality.
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VI.TheRobustFive(con’t)
1. Extroversion,whichisassociatedwithwarmth,talka;veness,andbeingenerge;c.
2. Agreeableness,whichinvolvesbeingsympathe;ctoothers,kind,andtrus;ng.
3. ConscienCousness,whichiden;fiesindividualswhoaredu;ful,organized,andresponsible.
4. Opennesstoexperience,whichdescribespeoplewhoareopen-mindedandwillingtotryintellectualexperiences,ornewideas.
5. EmoConalstability,whichiden;fiesindividualswhoexperiencethingsrela;velyeasilyandwithoutgeWngupset.
B. TheFiveRobustFactorsAre:
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VI.TheRobustFive(con’t)D. Think of each big-five trait as a continuum; each
trait has many related traits.
E. Trait theorists assume that traits are relatively fixed, or unchanging.
F. The advantage of trait theories is that by identifying a person’s personality traits, that person’s behavior can be predicted.
G. However, critics argue that trait theories describe personality rather than explain it. Trait theories do not explain or predict behaviors across different situations.