Unit #2 Exploration, Discovery, & Colonization Chapters 1—3.
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Transcript of Unit #2 Exploration, Discovery, & Colonization Chapters 1—3.
Unit #2Unit #2Exploration, Exploration,
Discovery, & Discovery, &
ColonizationColonizationChapters 1—3Chapters 1—3
Chapter 5 -ObjectivesChapter 5 -Objectives
1.1. ExplainExplain how the British victory over how the British victory over
France in the Great War for Empire, the France in the Great War for Empire, the
new government of George III, and other new government of George III, and other
factors worked together to produce factors worked together to produce
Grenville’s program.Grenville’s program.
2.2. DescribeDescribe how the British policy toward how the British policy toward
the colonies changed between 1763 and the colonies changed between 1763 and
1776.1776.
3. 3. DescribeDescribe the colonists increasing protests the colonists increasing protests
against British.against British.
Chapter 5 -ObjectivesChapter 5 -Objectives
4.4. IdentifyIdentify the key events in the growing the key events in the growing
revolutionary protests.revolutionary protests.
5.5. DescribeDescribe the important individual the important individual
contributions to the revolutionary contributions to the revolutionary
cause.cause.
6.6. AssessAssess British and colonial British and colonial
responsibility for the coming of the responsibility for the coming of the
Revolution.Revolution.
I. I. Impact of the British Impact of the British
Victory in the Great Victory in the Great
War for EmpireWar for Empire
A.A. Situation after the British Victory Situation after the British Victory over Franceover France
The British EmpireThe British Empire
In 1760, King George III became the monarch of In 1760, King George III became the monarch of
the Empire at war.the Empire at war.
Under Prime Minister Pitt, the British had Under Prime Minister Pitt, the British had
managed to remove the French from the North managed to remove the French from the North
American mainland.American mainland.
The American colonies were diverse and bare The American colonies were diverse and bare
cooperated between themselves.cooperated between themselves.
B. Rumblings of American Rumblings of American NationalismNationalism
American View of the WarAmerican View of the War
Most Americans content, but some Most Americans content, but some
discontented about the behavior of the British discontented about the behavior of the British
Army in America (in war and peace).Army in America (in war and peace).
Ben Franklin’s view of the war was positive.Ben Franklin’s view of the war was positive.
Despite celebrating the victory, colonists began Despite celebrating the victory, colonists began
to see themselves as Americans and looked to to see themselves as Americans and looked to
the future with confidence. the future with confidence.
C.C. Awareness of Distinctions Awareness of Distinctions
between British & American between British & American
Military SystemsMilitary SystemsBritish Military & American MilitiaBritish Military & American Militia
The British military was one of the best trained The British military was one of the best trained
on the battlefield.on the battlefield.
A separate identity became evident in the war A separate identity became evident in the war
for empire by the brutalities of the British for empire by the brutalities of the British
military.military.
Militias were used to supplement the troops in Militias were used to supplement the troops in
battle.battle.
D.D. Retaliation of the British Retaliation of the British
Government for Colonial Actions Government for Colonial Actions
in the Warin the WarImperial Forces Won the WarImperial Forces Won the War
Colonial Trade with the FrenchColonial Trade with the French
Trading with the French in war (and now peace).Trading with the French in war (and now peace).
Naval patrols and writs of assistance (search Naval patrols and writs of assistance (search
warrants).warrants).
Efforts to Use Writs of Assistance to Stop TradeEfforts to Use Writs of Assistance to Stop Trade
In 1760, James Otis (Bostonian attorney) was hired by In 1760, James Otis (Bostonian attorney) was hired by
merchants to argue against the writs of assistancemerchants to argue against the writs of assistance..
E. Colonists Used the War to Exact
Concessions from Their Governors
The Role of the ColoniesThe Role of the Colonies
With the French out of the way, exactly how With the French out of the way, exactly how
would the American colonists play a role in the would the American colonists play a role in the
relationship with Indians and the additional relationship with Indians and the additional
expenses of administering the territory won in expenses of administering the territory won in
the war?the war?
F. Problems of Managing Defense in
the Newly Captured Lands
ProblemsProblems
The issue of governing The issue of governing
would be complex would be complex
(especially on the new (especially on the new
taxes and control imposed taxes and control imposed
by Parliament.by Parliament.
Statesmanship of the Statesmanship of the
administers of George III in administers of George III in
question?question? George IIIGeorge III
A.A. Government of George IIIGovernment of George III
Whig IdeologyWhig Ideology
Whigs were opposed to James II (a tyrant king).Whigs were opposed to James II (a tyrant king).
Champions of individual liberty Parliamentary Champions of individual liberty Parliamentary
supremacy over the monarch.supremacy over the monarch.
Instability in AdministrationInstability in Administration
Throughout the 1760s, the king place and Throughout the 1760s, the king place and
removed several Prime Ministers.removed several Prime Ministers.
Instability and inconsistency of Parliament.Instability and inconsistency of Parliament.
B.B. Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763
The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763
To keep the peace on the frontier, Parliament To keep the peace on the frontier, Parliament
passed the act to prevent colonists from passed the act to prevent colonists from
settling west of Appalachia.settling west of Appalachia.
The act also established the British The act also established the British
administration of Florida and Quebec.administration of Florida and Quebec.
Most settlers ignored the law.Most settlers ignored the law.
C. C. Grenville Program & EffectsGrenville Program & Effects
Revenues for Troops in the WestRevenues for Troops in the West
Under Lord George Grenville, the Under Lord George Grenville, the
protection of western lands was protection of western lands was
critical and the colonists would critical and the colonists would
have to pay for it.have to pay for it.
Nearly 60% of the annual budgets Nearly 60% of the annual budgets
were tied to interest on the debt were tied to interest on the debt
(built up during the French & (built up during the French &
Indian War).Indian War).
George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville
Vice-Admiralty CourtVice-Admiralty Court
A “maritime” court to deal with smugglers.A “maritime” court to deal with smugglers.
Sugar Act (or Revenue Act), 1764Sugar Act (or Revenue Act), 1764
Reduced the tax on sugar by 50%, but levied new Reduced the tax on sugar by 50%, but levied new
duties on imports of duties on imports of foreignforeign textiles, wine, coffee, textiles, wine, coffee,
indigo, and sugar.indigo, and sugar.
Currency Act, 1764Currency Act, 1764
Prohibited the colonists from printing their own Prohibited the colonists from printing their own
currency.currency.
Stamp Act, 1765Stamp Act, 1765
Revenue stamps were to be purchased and fixed on Revenue stamps were to be purchased and fixed on
legal documents and printed matter: newspapers, legal documents and printed matter: newspapers,
diplomas, deeds, licenses, bonds, playing cards, etc.diplomas, deeds, licenses, bonds, playing cards, etc.
The colonists were not too pleased and organized The colonists were not too pleased and organized
the “Stamp Act Congress” to attempt to repeal the the “Stamp Act Congress” to attempt to repeal the
act.act.
Quartering Act, 1765Quartering Act, 1765
Colonists would have to supply British troops Colonists would have to supply British troops
stationed in the colonies.stationed in the colonies.
D.D. Ideology of Colonial ReactionIdeology of Colonial Reaction
Radical Whig PhilosophyRadical Whig Philosophy
The protest of the Stamp Act brought about the The protest of the Stamp Act brought about the
revival of the Whig ideology.revival of the Whig ideology.
British TyrannyBritish Tyranny
To the colonies, the Parliament (champion of To the colonies, the Parliament (champion of
liberty) was now viewed as tyrannical. liberty) was now viewed as tyrannical.
““No Taxation without RepresentationNo Taxation without Representation””
E.E. Stamp Act Crisis, 1765—1766Stamp Act Crisis, 1765—1766
Colonial DemonstrationsColonial Demonstrations
The Stamp Act set off a wave of demonstrations The Stamp Act set off a wave of demonstrations
and the creation of the Sons of Liberty.and the creation of the Sons of Liberty.
Effigies and threats against of tax collectors Effigies and threats against of tax collectors
were present in all of the colonies.were present in all of the colonies.
Idea of Colonial UnityIdea of Colonial Unity
Stamp Act Congress, October 1765Stamp Act Congress, October 1765
Nine colonies sent delegates to New York and issued Nine colonies sent delegates to New York and issued
the Declaration of the Rights & Grievances of the the Declaration of the Rights & Grievances of the
Colonies.Colonies.
Rockingham (Charles Watson-Wentworth) MinistryRockingham (Charles Watson-Wentworth) Ministry
Replaced the Grenville administration with a more Replaced the Grenville administration with a more
moderate leader who repealed the Stamp Act in moderate leader who repealed the Stamp Act in
1766.1766.
Repeal of the Stamp Tax, 1766Repeal of the Stamp Tax, 1766
Declaratory Act, March 1766Declaratory Act, March 1766
A.A. Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties
Charles Townshend & New TaxesCharles Townshend & New Taxes
Prime Minister who pushed for the passage of new Prime Minister who pushed for the passage of new
taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass, paper, and taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass, paper, and
tea.tea.
The act also suspended New York Assembly.The act also suspended New York Assembly.
Created a Board of Customs Commissioners in Created a Board of Customs Commissioners in
Boston.Boston.
The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and
increase regulation in Colonies.increase regulation in Colonies.
B.B. Colonial ReactionsColonial Reactions John Dickinson’s OppositionJohn Dickinson’s Opposition
Philadelphia lawyer who wrote “Letters Philadelphia lawyer who wrote “Letters
from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” protesting from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” protesting
the Stamp Act arguing against levying the Stamp Act arguing against levying
taxes for revenue-only.taxes for revenue-only.
Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams
Political agitator who organized the Sons of Political agitator who organized the Sons of
Liberty in Boston.Liberty in Boston.
Sons of LibertySons of Liberty
James OtisJames Otis
Wrote a letter to other colonies (with Sam Adams) in Wrote a letter to other colonies (with Sam Adams) in
an effort to organize a unified front against an effort to organize a unified front against
“taxation without representation.”“taxation without representation.”
““Boston Massacre”Boston Massacre”
On March 5, 1770, colonists gathered around the On March 5, 1770, colonists gathered around the
custom house in Boston and taunted a single sentry.custom house in Boston and taunted a single sentry.
Reinforcements were called in as a fire bell rang.Reinforcements were called in as a fire bell rang.
Five colonists killed (including Crispus Attucks).Five colonists killed (including Crispus Attucks).
John Adams defended the British and two convicted John Adams defended the British and two convicted
of murder.of murder.
C.C. Townshend Duties Repealed Townshend Duties Repealed
(Except for Tax on Tea)(Except for Tax on Tea) Repealing the Townshend DutiesRepealing the Townshend Duties
News of the “Boston Massacre” led to the News of the “Boston Massacre” led to the
repeal of the Townshend acts.repeal of the Townshend acts.
The tax on tea would stay in place.The tax on tea would stay in place.
D. Two Years of Relative Peace
Colonial ModerationColonial Moderation
For nearly two years, there was relative For nearly two years, there was relative
peace in the colonies.peace in the colonies.
Soldiers were eventually recalled, but ships Soldiers were eventually recalled, but ships
still patrolled the coast for smugglers.still patrolled the coast for smugglers.
E. Frontier Protests Vermont Created (1791)Vermont Created (1791)
Paxton Boys of PennsylvaniaPaxton Boys of Pennsylvania
Frontier dispute between western Frontier dispute between western
Pennsylvanians and Indians (Susquehannock in Pennsylvanians and Indians (Susquehannock in
Lancaster), and Indian converts who took Lancaster), and Indian converts who took
refuge in Philadelphia .refuge in Philadelphia .
South Carolina RegulatorsSouth Carolina Regulators
Societies who committed vigilante activities.Societies who committed vigilante activities.
North Carolina ProtestsNorth Carolina Protests
Western farmers organized resistance against Western farmers organized resistance against
easterners who felt oppressed.easterners who felt oppressed.
A. A. More Colonial ProtestsMore Colonial Protests
H.M.S. H.M.S. GaspeeGaspee Burned, 1772 Burned, 1772
Committees of Correspondence Formed, 1772Committees of Correspondence Formed, 1772
Tea Act, 1773Tea Act, 1773
Parliament granted the East India Company a Parliament granted the East India Company a
monopoly to undercut their competitors by no paying monopoly to undercut their competitors by no paying
any duties while increasing the number of ships to any duties while increasing the number of ships to
stop smugglers.stop smugglers.
Colonial ProtestsColonial Protests
““Boston Tea Party”Boston Tea Party”
A. A. More Colonial ProtestsMore Colonial Protests
““Boston Tea Party”Boston Tea Party”
On December 16, 1773, a group of Bostonian On December 16, 1773, a group of Bostonian
members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as
Mohawks, boarded three ships of the East India Mohawks, boarded three ships of the East India
Company, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Company, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the
harbor.harbor.
Many outrages by many colonial leaders over the Many outrages by many colonial leaders over the
loss of tea became public.loss of tea became public.
Parliament and King pushed for strong action.Parliament and King pushed for strong action.
Port of Boston ClosedPort of Boston Closed
Trials of Officials Transferred to EnglandTrials of Officials Transferred to England
New Quartering Act for SoldiersNew Quartering Act for Soldiers
Massachusetts’s Council & Law Enforcement OfficesMassachusetts’s Council & Law Enforcement Offices
General Thomas Gage & Martial Law in General Thomas Gage & Martial Law in
MassachusettsMassachusetts
Prohibition of Town MeetingsProhibition of Town Meetings
B.B. British Respond with the Coercive British Respond with the Coercive
Acts, 1774Acts, 1774
The Quebec Act, 1774The Quebec Act, 1774
Quebec, under British rule, would not have an Quebec, under British rule, would not have an
elected assembly, but would be led by an elected assembly, but would be led by an
appointed governor.appointed governor.
It also gave land to Quebec which belonged It also gave land to Quebec which belonged
to western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and to western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
Connecticut.Connecticut.
C.C. Quebec Acts, July 1774Quebec Acts, July 1774
Adopts “Declaration of American Rights”Adopts “Declaration of American Rights”
Stated that Parliament could only rule on matters Stated that Parliament could only rule on matters
which regulated commerce imperial affairs.which regulated commerce imperial affairs.
Each colony had the right to determine if military Each colony had the right to determine if military
use was needed in its own province.use was needed in its own province.
Endorses Continental AssociationEndorses Continental Association
Boycott of British GoodsBoycott of British Goods
Massachusetts in RebellionMassachusetts in Rebellion
Restrictions on TradeRestrictions on Trade
D.D. First Continental Congress, First Continental Congress, September 1774September 1774
LoyalistsLoyalists
Unorganized and Unorganized and
outnumbered (in New outnumbered (in New
England)England)
Whig Committees Whig Committees
(Patriots)(Patriots)
Formation of the MilitiaFormation of the Militia
TrainingTraining
MinutemenMinutemen
A.A. Colonists Take the Initiative Colonists Take the Initiative
Massachusetts in Massachusetts in
RebellionRebellion
Military Governor Military Governor
Thomas GageThomas Gage
Campaign to Campaign to
Arrest Leaders of Arrest Leaders of
the Provincial the Provincial
Congress (Sam Congress (Sam
Adams & John Adams & John
Hancock)Hancock)
B.B. Beginning of the Revolutionary Beginning of the Revolutionary WarWar
General Thomas GageGeneral Thomas Gage
Sam Sam
AdamsAdamsJohn John
HancockHancock
March on Concord, April 18-19, 1775March on Concord, April 18-19, 1775
William Dawes & Paul RevereWilliam Dawes & Paul Revere
Lexington Green Lexington Green
““Disperse you damn rebels!” Disperse you damn rebels!”
Eight dead and ten wounded Eight dead and ten wounded
The “Shot Heard ‘Round the The “Shot Heard ‘Round the
World”World”
Siege of ConcordSiege of Concord
March Back to BostonMarch Back to Boston
C.C. Beginning of the Beginning of the Revolutionary WarRevolutionary War
Second Continental Second Continental
CongressCongress
Convened, May 10,1775Convened, May 10,1775
No legal authority and No legal authority and
no resourcesno resources
John Adams nominates John Adams nominates
George Washington as George Washington as
Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief
D.D. Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress
Fort Ticonderoga, New YorkFort Ticonderoga, New York
Ticonderoga taken by the Green Mountain Ticonderoga taken by the Green Mountain
Boys, May 10, 1775.Boys, May 10, 1775.
Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold.Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold.
E.E. Fall of Fort TiconderogaFall of Fort Ticonderoga
Washington’s SelectionWashington’s Selection
Experience in the Experience in the
French & Indian War.French & Indian War.
A Virginian led the A Virginian led the
army.army.
Training a professional Training a professional
military.military.
Headed to Boston to Headed to Boston to
take command.take command.
F.F. Continental Army EstablishedContinental Army Established
The ContinentalsThe Continentals
Fortifying BostonFortifying Boston
By June 1, 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston, and By June 1, 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston, and
fortified the hills, waterways, and roads around the fortified the hills, waterways, and roads around the
city.city.
Thomas Gage was replaced with British General Thomas Gage was replaced with British General
Lord William Howe who was more aggressive.Lord William Howe who was more aggressive.
The British began fortifying the city.The British began fortifying the city.
On June 17, Howe ordered the burning of Charles On June 17, Howe ordered the burning of Charles
Town and siege of Breed’s Hill.Town and siege of Breed’s Hill.
G.G. Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill
The British army moved across the Charles River The British army moved across the Charles River
and organized several lines.and organized several lines.
““The whites of their eyes”The whites of their eyes”
The third attempt successfulThe third attempt successful
After a cost of 1,054 casualties (only 400 Patriots After a cost of 1,054 casualties (only 400 Patriots
were killed), the British took the hillwere killed), the British took the hill
Result: Result:
(1) More cautious British generals, and (1) More cautious British generals, and
(2) Congress called for larger enlistments in the (2) Congress called for larger enlistments in the
militia militia
Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition
Sent to the King (not Sent to the King (not
to Parliament).to Parliament).
King George III King George III
rejected the petition rejected the petition
and sent more troops.and sent more troops.
The king declared The king declared
that rebellion existed that rebellion existed
in the colonies.in the colonies.
H.H. “Olive Branch Petition”“Olive Branch Petition”
King George IIIKing George III
The OathThe Oath
Congress believed it needed to increase the Congress believed it needed to increase the
number of militiamen ready to fight.number of militiamen ready to fight.
This tended to divide many into two camps This tended to divide many into two camps
(Loyalist militia or Patriot Militia).(Loyalist militia or Patriot Militia).
The lines were drawn leading to bloody civil The lines were drawn leading to bloody civil
fighting (especially in South with more fighting (especially in South with more
loyalists than in New England).loyalists than in New England).
I.I. “Declaration of Taking Up Arms”“Declaration of Taking Up Arms”
Battle of Quebec, July of 1775Battle of Quebec, July of 1775
Two forces would converge on Quebec hoping Two forces would converge on Quebec hoping
to open a northern front in the war.to open a northern front in the war.
Smallpox and smaller numbers hindered the Smallpox and smaller numbers hindered the
attempt.attempt.
Richard Montgomery & Benedict Arnold.Richard Montgomery & Benedict Arnold.
J.J. Authorized Attack on QuebecAuthorized Attack on Quebec
Congress & the WarCongress & the War
Congress attempted to raise funds and Congress attempted to raise funds and
provide military stores for the war effort.provide military stores for the war effort.
Many called for independence as Congress Many called for independence as Congress
continued to hold back from this last step.continued to hold back from this last step.
K.K. Growth of CongressGrowth of Congress
Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense, 1776, 1776
Thomas Paine was a British writer who immigrated to Thomas Paine was a British writer who immigrated to
America in 1776 and authored America in 1776 and authored Common SenseCommon Sense..
Paine proposed a radical course for the war by Paine proposed a radical course for the war by
stating the colonies should declare independence stating the colonies should declare independence
from Britain, establish a republic, and create a union from Britain, establish a republic, and create a union
of states.of states.
Paine also denounced King George III and the Paine also denounced King George III and the
monarchies of Europe.monarchies of Europe.
L.L. Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense, , 17761776
Inspiring IndependenceInspiring Independence
The work inspired the The work inspired the
colonists to take the last colonists to take the last
step toward independence.step toward independence.
By June of 1776, the By June of 1776, the
Congress was ready for Congress was ready for
action and selected a action and selected a
committee to write a committee to write a
declaration of declaration of
independence.independence.
Thomas Jefferson-Thomas Jefferson-
Virginia delegate to Congress.Virginia delegate to Congress.
At 33, was selected to draft a At 33, was selected to draft a
declaration supporting independence.declaration supporting independence.
Natural Rights of Man-Natural Rights of Man-
Jefferson believed in the Enlightenment, Jefferson believed in the Enlightenment,
and inalienable rights which the and inalienable rights which the
government could not take away.government could not take away.
A.A. Role of Thomas JeffersonRole of Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson, Age 33Age 33
Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence
(1776)(1776)
A five-man committee was A five-man committee was
selected to draft the document selected to draft the document
including Thomas Jefferson, John including Thomas Jefferson, John
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert
Livingston, and Roger Sherman.Livingston, and Roger Sherman.
A.A. Role of Thomas JeffersonRole of Thomas Jefferson
The Declaration is divided into the following four The Declaration is divided into the following four
parts:parts:
The Preamble.The Preamble.
Protection of “natural rights.”Protection of “natural rights.”
Grievances against King George III.Grievances against King George III.
A declaration asserting that the colonies were A declaration asserting that the colonies were
free and independent states.free and independent states.
Borrowing from OthersBorrowing from Others
Jefferson drew upon the principles of his Jefferson drew upon the principles of his
own draft to the Virginia Constitution which own draft to the Virginia Constitution which
was written in early June of 1776.was written in early June of 1776.
He also used George Mason draft of He also used George Mason draft of
Virginia’s Declaration of Rights which Virginia’s Declaration of Rights which
appeared at the same time in a Philadelphia appeared at the same time in a Philadelphia
paper.paper.
B.B. Local Declarations of Local Declarations of IndependenceIndependence
Virginia’s Declaration of RightsVirginia’s Declaration of Rights
Mason discussed the natural rights in his Mason discussed the natural rights in his
“Declaration of Rights.” “Declaration of Rights.”
Natural rights was rooted in the Natural rights was rooted in the
Enlightenment works of Locke and Baron Enlightenment works of Locke and Baron
von Montesquieu.von Montesquieu.
C.C. George Mason’s Influence George Mason’s Influence
Locke’s Contract TheoryLocke’s Contract Theory
Just powers come from the “consent of the Just powers come from the “consent of the
governed.”governed.”
Laws of nature allow a people to “alter or Laws of nature allow a people to “alter or
abolish” its government and to have abolish” its government and to have
“inalienable rights” to “life, Liberty, and the “inalienable rights” to “life, Liberty, and the
pursuit of Happiness.”pursuit of Happiness.”
D.D. Contract Theory of GovernmentContract Theory of Government
Proposing the Draft of the Declaration of Proposing the Draft of the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Causes of the WarCauses of the War Excessive regulation of trade.Excessive regulation of trade. Restrictions on settling west of Appalachia Restrictions on settling west of Appalachia Tax burdenTax burden Mounting debt of British merchantsMounting debt of British merchants The growth of a national conscienceThe growth of a national conscience Lack of representation in ParliamentLack of representation in Parliament Whig ideology and influence of the EnlightenmentWhig ideology and influence of the Enlightenment Shift from Mercantile to Imperial policy after 1763Shift from Mercantile to Imperial policy after 1763 Class conflictClass conflict Revolutionary conspiracy of colonial leadersRevolutionary conspiracy of colonial leaders
E.E. Causes of the American Causes of the American RevolutionRevolution
Making Connections – Making Connections –
Chapter 5Chapter 5 Revolutionary rhetoric was Revolutionary rhetoric was
important not only for fighting important not only for fighting
the Revolution; it also provided the Revolution; it also provided
the framework for the creation of the framework for the creation of
state and national governments state and national governments
after independence was won.after independence was won.