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Unit 2Expanding Zones of Exchange

(500-1200)

Global History II Review

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Gupta Empire (320-550)

• Hinduism strongly influenced people• Efficient government (bureaucracy)• Caste System organized society

– Untouchables were at the bottom (outcasts)

• Scientific Contributions– Mathematics: Concept of Zero, Numbers– Medicine– Architecture– Literature

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Tang and Song Dynasties

• Chinese Dynasties (618-907) (960-1279)– Conquered territory and made tributary states– Highly educated ruling class– Social Structure:Gentry, Peasants, Merchants– Expanded trade– Built Canals to encourage trade and transp.– Literature and Arts developed– Huge influence on Japan

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Byzantine Empire and Russia

• Byzantine Empire (565-1453)– Preserved and spread Greco-Roman culture– Justinian’s Code (updated Roman laws)– Engineering and Architectural achievements

• Used Roman engineering knowledge• Built large churches

– Art: Mosaics and Icons– Orthodox Christian Church

• Split from the Roman Catholic Church

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Byzantine Empire and Russia

• Russia (800s- present)– Early trade center of Kiev emerged– Written language developed by Christian

Byzantine missionaries– Developed Orthodox Christianity– Autocratic government (Czars= Caesars)– Adopted much from the Byzantine Empire

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Islamic Civilization

• Spread of Islam– Caliph is a successor to Muhammad– Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Sicily, India

and Southeast Asia– Trade networks and conquest

• Islamic Law– Sharia is law regulating all aspects of life– Sunni and Shi’a split over disagreement on

caliph’s authority

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Islamic Civilization

• Society– Permitted social mobility– Tolerant of other religions in conquered lands– Women enjoyed more freedoms than Europe

• Islam’s Golden Age– Preserved Greco-Roman culture– Encouraged Education– Art, Literature, and Medicine flourished

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Islamic Civilization

• Mathematics and Science– Development of Algebra and Astronomy

• Christian Europe– Islam expanded to Spain and Sicily– Crusades fought between Christians and

Muslims over the Holy Lands (Jerusalem)

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Medieval Europe

• Middle Ages (500-1450s)– Emerged as small independent kingdoms

after the fall of the Roman Empire

• Franks– Germanic empire developed in (France)– Charlemagne became Holy Roman Emperor– Encouraged learning

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Medieval Europe

• Feudalism– Political system using land for loyalty– Social Structure

• King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants

– Knights lived by a code of Chivalry (loyalty)

• Manorialism– Economic system structured around lord’s

manor or estate– Peasants (serfs) work the land, lord protects

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Medieval Europe

• Church in Medieval Life– Church hierarchy similar to feudal society– Church was most important thing in life– Church had more power than kings

• Cultural Achievements– Literature developed– Gothic architecture developed

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Crusades

• Causes– Byzantine Empire was fighting Muslim Turks– Pope wanted to increase power– Nobles wanted to gain wealth and land– Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression

• Effects– Increased trade between Europe and Asia– Expanded learning of Greco-Roman culture– Power of the Church decreased