Unit 2: Ecosystems & Biospheres Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Cycles, Human Impact.
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Transcript of Unit 2: Ecosystems & Biospheres Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Cycles, Human Impact.
Unit 2: Ecosystems & Unit 2: Ecosystems & BiospheresBiospheres
Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Cycles, Human ImpactCycles, Human Impact
Organisms to BiosphereOrganisms to Biosphere Organism: one individual life formOrganism: one individual life form Population: group of the same speciesPopulation: group of the same species Community: collection of populationsCommunity: collection of populations Ecosystem: community and the Ecosystem: community and the
environmentenvironment Biosphere: global ecosystem (Earth)Biosphere: global ecosystem (Earth)
Ecology
Study of living things, their Study of living things, their relationship with each other relationship with each other and their relationship with and their relationship with
the environmentthe environment
Energy abbreviated EAbility to do work
1st law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy changes form (it is transformed)
Energy transformations are inefficient
Energy is constantly lost- mainly as heat!
EnergyEnergy Energy is found in food, this type of Energy is found in food, this type of
energy is known as energy is known as Chemical EnergyChemical Energy
ChemicalEnergy inSugar bonds!
EnergyEnergy Chemical Energy is converted by the Chemical Energy is converted by the
body intobody into Free Energy Free Energy
ChemicalEnergy inSugar
Free Energy touse
EnergyEnergy
Free Energy in the body is known as Free Energy in the body is known as
ATPATP!!
E
2nd law of thermodynamics: matter tends towards disorder and must have an energy input to maintain order
Energy
It takes energy to maintain order and decrease disorder!
EcosystemEcosystem Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors
Anything living or comes from a living thingAnything living or comes from a living thing Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
Anything nonlivingAnything nonliving
Different organisms in an Different organisms in an ecosystem get energy in different ecosystem get energy in different ways: ways:
known as known as Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels (troph means “to feed”)(troph means “to feed”)
AUTOTROPHAUTOTROPH
Auto-Auto- self
Troph- feed
Self feeders
1. Producers1. Producers
Plants are called Plants are called producersproducers, because , because they can “produce” their own food they can “produce” their own food using energy from sun light.using energy from sun light.
Photosynthesisconverts solar energy to chemical energy
CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 + O2
sun
Energy enters the Energy enters the ecosystem as sunlightecosystem as sunlight
Only 1-2% of the light energy is Only 1-2% of the light energy is captured and turned into chemical captured and turned into chemical energy by plants energy by plants (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)(PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
98-99% rest is reflected, or just 98-99% rest is reflected, or just warms up the tree as it is absorbedwarms up the tree as it is absorbed
Very inefficientVery inefficient
HeterotrophsIncludes:Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers, Quartenary Consumers andDecomposers
Must obtain energy from outside sources
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NcJ_63z-mAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5YCNBKg98I&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ATP
ProducersProducers
Determine the size of the Determine the size of the communitycommunity
More producers = more consumersMore producers = more consumers The most mass in an ecosystemThe most mass in an ecosystem The most energy in an ecosystem The most energy in an ecosystem
Biomass: total amount of organic matterin an area. Usually measured as a weight
Usually shown as a biomass pyramid
Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level and
therefore potential food available
Vegetation
Deer
wolves
Biomass
Food ChainsFood Chains
A food chain shows energy passed A food chain shows energy passed from one organism to another in an from one organism to another in an
ecosystem.ecosystem.
What does the arrow show?
Trophic InteractionsFood chains
Eagle
Wolf Robin
Deer Caterpillar
Grass Leaves
Name the trophic levels
Trophic InteractionsFood chains show the recycling of matter
Eagle
Wolf Robin
Deer Caterpillar
Grass Decomposers Leaves
Food WebsFood Webs
Animals may eat more than one Animals may eat more than one thing, so they belong to more than thing, so they belong to more than one food chain.one food chain.
Food chains are connected together Food chains are connected together to form to form food websfood webs..
Food WebsFood Webs
More than one organism is at each trophic More than one organism is at each trophic level. Name them.level. Name them.
owl fox
rabbits
grass
mice
berriesseeds
Energy
Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level
Eagle
Robin
Caterpillar
Leaves
.1%
1%
100%
10%
• an organism on one trophic level needs to eat 10x more than an organism one trophic level below
Energy Pyramid:
Shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level
Food chains recycle matter
Wolf
Deer
Grass Decomposers
Example: Carbon
Matter is Conserved within the system
Energy flows throughNot recycled, but transformed
Wolf
Deer
Grass Decomposers
= loss: heator kinetic
Energy is Conserved within the system