Unit 2- Crime Scene Investigation and Physical...
Transcript of Unit 2- Crime Scene Investigation and Physical...
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Unit 2- Evidence & Crime Scene
Investigation
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CSI
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“SPOT it” for Crime Scene
Investigating
1. Secure the Scene
2. Plan
3. Observe (notes/ photos/ sketch)
4. Take
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Crime Scene Team
1) Police Officer (1st responding officer)
CSI TEAM
1) Team Lead
2) Photographer
3) Sketcher
4) Evidence Recorder/ Collector
5) Specialists (if needed)
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Secure:
Duties of 1st responding Officer:
1) Check safety of scene (control physical threats)
2) Tend to the injured (call ambulance)
3) Separate witnesses and suspects
4) Secure the scene
• Exclude all unauthorized personnel
• Barricade boundary
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Plan:
Lead CSI & Team Members:
• Cautiously walk through scene
– Establish safe route through scene (don’t disturb evidence)
– ID points of entry, attack, & exit
• Establish team roles
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Observe
• Take photos
• Take notes
• Sketch scene
These help you “see” the scene
months/ years later
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How open minded are you?
Can you change your perspective?
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The Body Can Lead To An Object
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……Sometimes The Object Isn’t A Weapon
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Observing Evidence / Movement
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Sketches• Used to supplement photos
• What to include:
– Dimensions of rooms, furniture, doors, & windows
– Evidence or things hosting the evidence (ex: table)
– Distances from two set points to the objects/ evidence
in the room
– Date, time, location, investigators names, case
identifier
– Legend/ Key, scale, compass orientation (North is at
top of page)
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Rough Sketch
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Final Sketch
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2D vs. 3D
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Types of Measurements
COORDINATE SYSTEM
3 ft.
5 ft.
TRIANGULATION20 ft.
17 ft.
BASELINE
10 ft.
7 ft.
GRID SYSTEM
1
2
3
4
A DB C
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Notes• Date
• Time
• Description of location
• Weather
• Environment
• Description of the Scene with location of physical evidence
• Who recovered evidence & how it was packaged
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Photograph and Videotape
Photos should include:
• Overall views of Scene
– looking into & out of scene
– Nearby areas
– Points of entry and exit
• Evidence Shots
– Medium range: evidence at
scene
– Close-ups: for details
• Rulers used in close-up photos
if size is important
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Correct Photography
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Background Photos / The Scene
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360° Pictures
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Wallet
Medium range shot Close up shot
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Search
• Use a search pattern
(grid, line, zone)
• Use alternate light
sources
• Critical areas are checked
for trace evidence (hair,
fibers, bodily fluids,
fingerprints)
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Shedding The Right Light Is Crucial
Side Lighting Top Lighting
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Different Types Of Light
Fluorescent powder and UV light
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Alternate
Light Source
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Luminol
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Trace Metal DetectionDifferent Metals Yield Different Colors
• brass/copper: purple
• steel/iron: black or dark purple
• aluminum: mottled yellow
• lead: tan or cream-colored
• galvanized iron (tin): bright yellow
• background: pale yellow
Aluminum
Lead
Copper
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TMD
Pipe Test
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Take Evidence• Wear gloves
• Collect fragile items first
• Package each item in a separate
container (appropriate for item)
with a label
• Obtain standards/ reference
samples for later comparison
• Maintain chain of custody
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“Bagging and Tagging” is tough work
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General Evidence Packaging Rules
1. Dry moist or wet evidence prior to packaging to prevent mold.
2. Allow for air circulation – USE PAPER
3. No plastic bags, sealed tubes, or jars -unless tissue/ tox samples
- arson evidence (no evaporating).
4. Biological items should be dried and kept in freezer
5. Package items separately.
6. Minimal handling - avoid talking/coughing over evidence.
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Bagging & Tagging of Evidence
1) Tape seal package with initials before
leaving scene.
2) What goes on the evidence bag:
• type of case
• date
• location of collection
• item description
• police case number or identifier
• serial number or garment identifier
• collector's name and identifier information
• where item is being routed to for analysis
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Package All Evidence In
envelopes, paper bags, or cardboard boxes
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Guns
• Make safe
• Cartridges and cartridge casings
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Ingenious packaging
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More good packaging
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Bad packaging…
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Packaging the EvidenceOH NO,!!! Plastic
with wet material.
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Chain of Custody- written record of
who has possession of evidence at all times.Starts with the CSI Evidence Storage Lab Attorney’s?
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4 Requirements for Evidence to be
Admitted into Court:
1) It must be legally obtained (search warrant)
2) Must be relevant to the crime (material &
probative)
3) Witness must identify the item, identifying it’s
origin
4) Chain of Custody must be demonstrated
(every person that handled must also be
available to testify)
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Search WarrantsPublished Casey Anthony search
warrant = a great example of what goes into a search warrant
• Need probable cause
• Need a detailed affidavit explaining why the authorities want to enter the home
• Explains what specific items they are interested in locating & where they want to look
• signature of a judge(http://blogs.discovery.com/criminal_report/files/casey_antho
ny_search_warrant.pdf )
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Warrantless Searches
1) Emergent Situations- police may enter a building because
of emergency situation & evidence found can be used
(but they can’t come back again without warrant- Mincey Case)
2) Impending Loss of Evidence- person or situation might
cause evidence to be lost (ex: fire, person flushing drugs down
toilet)
3) Lawful Arrest- when a person is arrested any property in
his/her immediate control (vehicle, house) can be searched.
4) Consented Search- when person gives consent
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Evidence
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Types of Evidence
Direct Circumstantial (indirect)
Physical Biological
Individualized
Class
1st hand observations-
eyewitnesses, confession,
& videos
Used to imply a fact, but
does not directly prove it
Or
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Individual vs. Class EvidenceIndividual Evidence
• Really high probability of being linked to one, unique source
• Ex:– Fingerprints
• 1 x 1060 = probability of 2 people having same fingerprint
– DNA
– Bullets
– Tire/ footwear patterns
– Tool marks
– Broken glass
Class Evidence
• Object has characteristics common to a group of similar objects
• Ex:– Hair
– Fibers
– Blue jeans
• Can increase the probability of class evidence by finding things that can make it unique:– Ex: stains, wear patterns
on jeans
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Eyewitness Accounts• Juries heavily influenced by eyewitness
identifications.
• Lots of innocent people convicted b/c of faulty eyewitness accounts.
Some Issues: – types of questions asked by investigator
– type of crime
• Emotional arousal improves memory to a certain point
(Do you remember where you were when 9/11 happened?)
– time frame of questioning after event
– Cross racial identifications difficult
(watch: Eyewitness Testimony from 60 Mins)
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4 Requirements for Evidence to be
Admitted into Court:
1) It must be legally obtained (search warrant)
-Even reference samples like DNA
2) Must be relevant to the crime (material &
probative)
3) Witness must identify the item, identifying it’s
origin
4) Chain of Custody must be demonstrated
(every person that handled must also be
available to testify)
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Search WarrantsPublished Casey Anthony search
warrant = a great example of what goes into a search warrant
• Need probable cause
• Need a detailed affidavit explaining why the authorities want to enter the home
• Explains what specific items they are interested in locating & where they want to look
• signature of a judge(http://blogs.discovery.com/criminal_report/files/casey_antho
ny_search_warrant.pdf )
![Page 52: Unit 2- Crime Scene Investigation and Physical …pricekscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/0/0/11007001/...Crime Scene Team 1) Police Officer (1st responding officer) CSI TEAM 1) Team](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040614/5f0a58c47e708231d42b32f9/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Warrantless Searches
1) Emergent Situations- police may enter a building because
of emergency situation & evidence found can be used
(but they can’t come back again without warrant- Mincey Case)
2) Impending Loss of Evidence- person or situation might
cause evidence to be lost (ex: fire, person flushing drugs down
toilet)
3) Lawful Arrest- when a person is arrested any property in
his/her immediate control (vehicle, house) can be searched.
4) Consented Search- when person gives consent
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Questions from COURTExamples of questions asked by defense attorney’s:
1. “Why didn’t you collect that?”
2. “Why didn’t you take that photo?”
3. “Did you consider any other suspects?”
4. “Did you collect evidence to only make my client guilty?”
5. “Have you ever made a mistake – did you make one here?”
6. CSI effect
7. “I see that someone other than you collected this item – how can you prove to me that it was collected properly?”
8. “What if……..” scenarios
9. “How can you explain a finding on your report and there is nothing in your field notes to support that finding?”
10. “Are you an expert?”
11. “Why did you collect evidence that wasn’t analyzed?”
12. “Are you a robot for the state?”
13. “How do you know the evidence wasn’t tampered with during storage?”
Every move you make at a crime scene must be able to be explained - remember everything you do is for court and the jury.
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Bullets & Fragments
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Gopher Holes
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Questioned Documents
Alterations & Obliterations
Can you tell what is obliterated?
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A Blank Sheet Could Yield All This?
ESDA Film From 4th Sheet
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Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
Reveals indented writing. The machine works by applying a charge to
the evidence and an opposite charge to acetate placed on top of the
evidence. The process transfers indented writing to the acetate.
-FBI
![Page 59: Unit 2- Crime Scene Investigation and Physical …pricekscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/0/0/11007001/...Crime Scene Team 1) Police Officer (1st responding officer) CSI TEAM 1) Team](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040614/5f0a58c47e708231d42b32f9/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Mikrosil
• Cast prints
• Cast bullet holes in drywall
• Cast any impression in another
surface
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Dental Stone? SMILE!