Unit 2: Covering, Support, Unit 2: Covering, Support, and Movement of the Bodyand Movement of the Body

Chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Skeletal Chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Skeletal SystemSystemPart BPart B

DLT’s 3 - 4DLT’s 3 - 4

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones126 bones The appendicular skeleton is made up of The appendicular skeleton is made up of

the bones of the limbs and their girdlesthe bones of the limbs and their girdles Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to

the body trunkthe body trunk Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbsPelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)

The pectoral girdles The pectoral girdles consist of the anterior consist of the anterior clavicles and the clavicles and the posterior scapulaeposterior scapulae

They attach the upper They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows in a manner that allows for maximum movementfor maximum movement

They provide attachment They provide attachment points for muscles that points for muscles that move the upper limbsmove the upper limbs

The Upper LimbsThe Upper Limbs

The upper limb consists of the arm The upper limb consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus)hand (manus)

Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limbframework of each upper limb

ArmArm

The humerus is the The humerus is the sole bone of the armsole bone of the arm

It articulates with the It articulates with the scapula at the scapula at the shoulder, and the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the radius and ulna at the elbowelbow

ForearmForearm The bones of the forearm The bones of the forearm

are the radius and ulna are the radius and ulna They articulate proximally They articulate proximally

with the humerus and with the humerus and distally with the wrist distally with the wrist bonesbones

They also articulate with They also articulate with each other proximally and each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar distally at small radioulnar jointsjoints

Interosseous membrane Interosseous membrane connects the two bones connects the two bones along their entire lengthalong their entire length

Ulna and RadiusUlna and Radius The ulna lies medially in the The ulna lies medially in the

forearm and is slightly longer forearm and is slightly longer than the radiusthan the radius

Forms the major portion of Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the the elbow joint with the humerushumerus

Its major markings include Its major markings include the olecranon process, the olecranon process, coronoid process, and the coronoid process, and the styloid processstyloid process

The radius lies opposite The radius lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, thin at its proximal end, widened distallywidened distally

The superior surface of the The superior surface of the head articulates with the head articulates with the capitulum of the humeruscapitulum of the humerus

Medially, the head articulates Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the with the radial notch of the ulnaulna

Major markings include the Major markings include the head, radial tuberosity, and head, radial tuberosity, and styloid processstyloid process

HandHand

Skeleton of the hand Skeleton of the hand contains wrist bones contains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the (carpals), bones of the palm (metacarpals), palm (metacarpals), and bones of the and bones of the fingers (phalanges)fingers (phalanges)

Pelvic Girdle (Hip)Pelvic Girdle (Hip)

The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal)(os coxae, or coxal)

Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvisthese bones form the bony pelvis Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

with the strongest ligaments of the bodywith the strongest ligaments of the body Transmits weight of the upper body to the Transmits weight of the upper body to the

lower limbslower limbs Supports the visceral organs of the pelvisSupports the visceral organs of the pelvis

Comparison of the Male and Comparison of the Male and Female PelvisFemale Pelvis

The Lower LimbThe Lower Limb

The three segments of the lower limb are The three segments of the lower limb are the thigh, leg, and footthe thigh, leg, and foot

They carry the weight of the erect body, They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runswhen one jumps or runs

FemurFemur The sole bone of the The sole bone of the

thigh is the femur, the thigh is the femur, the largest and strongest largest and strongest bone in the bodybone in the body

It articulates proximally It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibulawith the tibia and fibula

Major markings include Major markings include the head, fovea capitis, the head, fovea capitis, neck, greater and lesser neck, greater and lesser trochanters, medial and trochanters, medial and lateral condyles, medial lateral condyles, medial and later epicondylesand later epicondyles

LegLeg The tibia and fibula The tibia and fibula

form the skeleton of the form the skeleton of the legleg

They are connected to They are connected to each other by the each other by the interosseous interosseous membranemembrane

They articulate with the They articulate with the femur proximally and femur proximally and with the ankle bones with the ankle bones distallydistally

They also articulate They also articulate with each other via the with each other via the immovable tibiofibular immovable tibiofibular jointsjoints

Tibia and FibulaTibia and Fibula

TibiaTibia Receives the weight of Receives the weight of

the body from the femur the body from the femur and transmits it to the footand transmits it to the foot

Major markings include Major markings include medial and lateral medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar condyles, intercondylar eminence, the tibial eminence, the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, and medial malleolus, and fibular notchfibular notch

FibulaFibula Sticklike bone with slightly Sticklike bone with slightly

expanded ends located expanded ends located laterally to the tibialaterally to the tibia

Major markings include Major markings include the head and lateral the head and lateral malleolusmalleolus

The FootThe Foot

The skeleton of the foot The skeleton of the foot includes the tarsus, includes the tarsus, metatarsus, and the metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes)phalanges (toes)

The foot supports body The foot supports body weight and acts as a weight and acts as a lever to propel the body lever to propel the body forward in walking and forward in walking and runningrunning

DLT 4: I can list several different types of DLT 4: I can list several different types of joints, and describe how they produce joints, and describe how they produce

movements.movements. Joints (Articulations)Joints (Articulations)

Weakest parts of the skeletonWeakest parts of the skeleton Articulation – site where two or more bones Articulation – site where two or more bones

meetmeet Functions of jointsFunctions of joints

Give the skeleton mobilityGive the skeleton mobility Hold the skeleton togetherHold the skeleton together

Classification of Joints: Structural Classification of Joints: Structural and Functionaland Functional

Structural classification Structural classification focuses on the material focuses on the material binding bones together binding bones together and whether or not a and whether or not a joint cavity is presentjoint cavity is present

The three structural The three structural classifications are:classifications are: FibrousFibrous Cartilaginous Cartilaginous Synovial Synovial

Functional classification Functional classification is based on the amount is based on the amount of movement allowed by of movement allowed by the jointthe joint

The three functional The three functional classes of joints are:classes of joints are: Synarthroses – Synarthroses –

immovable immovable Amphiarthroses – slightly Amphiarthroses – slightly

movable movable Diarthroses – freely Diarthroses – freely

movablemovable

SynarthrosesSynarthroses A bony junction A bony junction

that is immovable that is immovable and is connected and is connected by solid by solid connective tissueconnective tissue

SuturesSutures

AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses

A joint permitting A joint permitting little motion, the little motion, the opposed opposed surfaces being surfaces being connected by connected by fibrocartilage, as fibrocartilage, as between between vertebrae,vertebrae, the the Symphysis Symphysis pubis, or pubis, or Sacroiliac jointsSacroiliac joints

DiarthrosesDiarthroses A specialized form A specialized form

of articulation in of articulation in which there is more which there is more or less free or less free movementmovement

Also called a Also called a synovial jointsynovial joint

Knee, shoulder, Knee, shoulder, elbow, hipelbow, hip