What are stem cells? An introduction to different types of stem cells.
Unit 2 Chapters 3 & 4 The Cell. Essential Questions 1.What are cells? 2.How do we observe cells?...
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Transcript of Unit 2 Chapters 3 & 4 The Cell. Essential Questions 1.What are cells? 2.How do we observe cells?...
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Unit 2Chapters 3 & 4
The Cell
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Essential Questions
1. What are cells?
2. How do we observe cells?
3. What are the parts of cells and what are their functions?
4. How do things move across the cell membrane?
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3-1 Cells
cell: the basic unit of life Has all characteristics of life
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Microscopes as Windows to Cells
The first light microscope was developed around 1600.
Robert Hooke – 1665 Observed“compartments,”
cells, in a thin slice of cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1700 developed simple light microscopes with high-quality lenses to observe tiny living organisms “animalcules”
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Cell Theory1. All living things are made up of one
or more cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. Cells only come from other cells
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Microscopes
Light microscopes (LM) magnify objects up to 1000 times, bacteria or larger
Electron microscopes (1950’s) use a beam of electrons and can magnify up to 1 million times Cells must be killed and preserved
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to study the surface structures of cells
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to explore their internal structure
micrograph: a photograph of the view through a microscope
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Eukaryotic Cell
eukaryotic cell: has a nucleus surrounded by its own membrane Protists, fungi, plants, and animals Much larger than a prokaryotic cell ~ 10 to 100 micrometers
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Prokaryotic Cell
prokaryotic cell: lacks a nucleus and most other organelles Bacteria and archaea;
found in earliest fossil record
Much simpler in structure than a eukaryotic cell ~1 to 10 micrometers
The DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid region which is not separated by a membrane
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3-2 The Cell Membrane
Structure Membranes
regulate the transport of substances across the boundary
Composed mostly of proteins and phospholipids
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Phospholipids
Two fatty acids at one end hydrophobic
Phosphate group(PO4
3-) at the other Negatively charged
and hydrophilic
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Phospholipid Bilayer
phospholipid bilayer: the phospholipids form a two-layer “sandwich” of molecules that surrounds the organelle or cell Phosphate ends face
the outside Fatty acids inside Fluid mosaic Proteins drift freely
within the membrane
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Nucleus
nucleus: houses the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA, largest organelle
chromosomes: wound up DNA
nucleolus: center of the nucleus; makes ribosomes
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Cytoplasm
cytoplasm: the entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, which consists of organelles and fluid
cytoskeleton: provides structure for a cell
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Organelles organelle: each part
of a cell with a specific job to do, “mini-organ” many are enclosed by
their own membranes to help maintain the chemical environment inside that is different then the rest of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Works as a highway to move substances through the cell
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Ribosomes
Help make proteins
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Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Produces energy More active cells have more
mitochondria Folded membrane gives more
surface are for more energy production
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Golgi Body
Like a post office Packages proteins
and lipids to send to other places in the cell or to different cells
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Centrioles Only in Animal Cells Used during cellular reproduction Small, rod shaped; located near
nucleus
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Additions for Plant Cells
chloroplasts: organelle where photosynthesis occurs
cell wall: protects the plant cell and maintains its shape; consists of cellulose and is found outside the plasma membrane
vacuoles: large membrane bound sacs for storage Main water storage in
plants
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4-1 Cells and Their Environment
concentration: how crowded particles are
concentrate: a strong form of a juice Most of the water is
taken out
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Diffusion diffusion: the net movement of particles of a
substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
Permeable membrane: a membrane that allows molecules to pass through freely
equilibrium: a system is in balance; the number of molecules going one direction is equal to the number in the other direction.
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4-2 Osmosis
osmosis: the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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Water Balance Water balance in animal cells
if there is too much water moving in the cell may burst too much moving out it may shrivel and die animals in aquatic environments depend on isotonic conditions
Water balance in plant cells a plant cell is healthiest in hypotonic(more water) environments because it remains firm but will not burst. The cell wall is too strong. in an isotonic situation, there is no net movement of water so it
will wilt.
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Passive Transport
passive transport: diffusion across a membrane that expends no energy Diffusion and Osmosis
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4-3 Active Transport
active transport: a cell uses energy to move molecules or ions across a membrane maintains the cell’s
chemical environment usually from low to high concentration
Ex. in animal cells, K and Na pump; K pumps in, Na out.
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Transport of Large Molecules
vesicles: small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of , and within a cell
exocytosis: vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and spills contents outside the cell
endocytosis: reverse; takes material into the cell within vesicles that bud inward