AbsolutismEnlightenment

Constitutionalism

UNIT INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES:

1. Trace the roots of government from regional kings/princes to National leaders, both absolute rulers and limited monarchs. 2. Understand the development of the Enlightenment and see how it led to Constitutionalism.

ILLUSTRATED DEFINITION

Draw an illustration or cartoon that explains one of your vocabulary words from Unit 2 Homework Part 1. REQUIREMENTS:Must use an entire page of left side of notebookMust use at least 4 colors NOT including black or pencilCaptions are allowed, but must be historically accurate

FYI: You will be graded on CREATIVITY, not artistic ability!!!! Be CREATIVE & NEAT....have fun!!!!

RELIGIOUS WARS CONTINUE

Calvinists & Catholics growing more militantFRANCE Huguenots - French Calvinists Persecuted by King Make up 7% of population, but 40-50% of nobility Including House of Bourbon (ruled Kingdom of Navarre in S. France) Catholic majority did out number Huguenot minority

PEACE IN FRANCE?Henry of Navarre - pol leader of Huguenots & a Bourbon 1589 - took throne of France --> Henry IV Realized would never be accepted by FRance as a Huguenot so converted to Catholicism 1594 - coronated King, religious fighting ends --- Issued the Edict of Nantes- Named Catholicism as official religion of France BUT - Huguenots allowed to worship

RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS IN ENGLAND

1558 - Elizabeth takes throne after her sister, Mary diesReturns England to ProtestantismOne of her biggest fears was war So she worked hard to make sure FR & SP did not get too powerful Ex: allowed Sir Francis Drake to plunder SP ships

SPAIN - ARCHENEMY OF ENGLAND

Phillip II - king of Spain (was married to Mary) Militant Catholic ('Most Catholic King')During his reign Spain was the most populous Empire In reality - falling apart; military out-dated, no money...1558 - sent Armada to invade England Lost - humiliating defeat Now England dominant political power in Europe (In constant competition with France)

30 YEARS WARStarted as a religious was, becomes politicalBegan btw Cath. Hapsburg HRE v. Protestants in BohemiaFrance (Catholic) decided to join on side of Protestants!!! Why??? Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII's chief minister) saw if Hapsburs lost, the HRE would collapse & FR could gains some land in the defeat Most destructive war Europe had ever experiencedAll major Eur powers (except Eng) were involvedPeace of Westpahalia - ends 30 Years War Allows multiple Christian faiths in Germany Ends HRE - leaves FR dominant power on continent

This happened during the wars

of religion throughout

Europe.

This led to Absolutism!

When chaos (i.e. war) reigns, leaders often tend to grab hold of

more power in an attempt to control the situation.

FRANCE - THE MODEL OF ABSOLUTISM

The Bourbon Dynasty was th best example of 17th C Absolutism, especially Louis XIV

The Bourbons were the best examples of 17th C Absolutism Especially Louis XIVAbsolutism - ruler has total control Tied to 'divine right of kings'Louis XIII and Louis XIV - were both young boys when they became king, so both had ministers that ruled for them

Louis XIVLouis XIII

LOUIS XIIICardinal Richelieu - his chief minister Ruled when Louis XIII was a child Stengthened monarchy's power Set up network of spies to uncover plots to kill king Crushed conspiracies Executed conspirators

LOUIS XIV1643 - Louis XIV came to throne (4 yrs old)Cardinal Mazarin ruled for him Crushed revolt by nobles mad over increase power of king But the FR people saw stability (stability = trust) 1661 - dies, Louis XIV must rule!!!

Louis XIV shocked everyone, including his mother & is a strict ruler Established a strict routine & seldom deviated Known as the SUN KING

King Louis XIVMoved Court to Versailles (originally his hunting estate ) Builds it to be a great palace Keeps all court members close (can keep an eye on them!) Nobles are actually his biggest threatPurpose of Versailles : 1. Home 2. Chief office of state (govt) 3. PalaceNobles are constantly entertained (kept busy)

Increasing (Absolute) Powers

Wanted Absolute powers over nationwide policies Limited at the local level Traditionally locals, lower nobles & town councils controlled local affairs King starts to bribe local officials to follow his plansReligious peace gained by Henry IV had been maintained by the kings - until now!! Louis XIV repeals the Edict of Nantes Begins to persecute Huguenots 200,000 fled to England, Netherlands, or Ger states

NEED MORE MONEY!!Jean-Baptiste Colbert - General Minister of Finances Used mercantilism to increase FR weath & power Built roads & canals raised tariffs Created merchant marines Developed standing army (400,000 men) 1667-1713 wages 4 wars!Constantly struggles with King's spending, esp @ Versailles1715 - Louis XIV dies Leaves France deep in debt & surrounded by enemies

PRUSSIA (think Germany)After 30 Years War - no German State 300 little Germanies Prussia - a leading German stateFrederick William the Elector - laid foundation for Prussian state Created a Prussian kingdom in 1701 by taking control of other Ger states

How does Prussia gain power?

Frederick William the Elector - realized Prussia was a small nation with no natural defensesSo he built a large & efficient standing army 40,000 soldiers (4th largest in Europe)Set up General War Commisariat To levy taxes for army & oversee growth Junkers - landed nobles, served as military officersStarts LONG tradition of Prussian/German militarism

AUSTRIAThe other powerful German stateAustrian Empire incl - Austria, Czech Repbulic & Hungary 18th C gained modern day Transylvania, Croatia & SlovaniaAustrian Monarchy - never highly centralized or absolutist Remained a collection of lands held together by Empire Each area had own laws & political life No common sentiment, except service to Hapsburgs TOO DIVERSE!! Too difficult to keep united

RUSSIA15th C - a new state emerges16th C - Ivan IV, 1st czar Expanded RU eastward Crushed Russian nobilityNicknamed - Ivan the Terrible Ruthless Killed his own son1598 - Ivan IV died 'Time of Troubles' begins virtual anarchy

ROMANOV DYNASTY1613 - Michael Romanov named czar Romanov's rule until 19171689 - Peter Romanov named czar ('Peter the Great') Determined to westernize/Europeanize Russia Adopted western technology Modernized military - built 1st RU navy Adopted western customs, clothing, etiquette... Created police state to maintain order Bureaucracy was very corrupt!! 1703 - began to build St Petersburg His window to the west

BACK TO ENGLANDstruggle between Parliament and the King Who has the power to do what????1603 - Elizabeth dies Tudor Dynasty over - No heirNew Dynasty - Stuart James I (Elizabeth's cousin)

Immediate Trouble... 1. James believes in Divine Right 2. Clashes with Parliament

CHARLES ISon of James IBelieved in Divine Right1628 - Parliament passed petition stating King can't pass tax w/o thier okAt first, he accepted the petition Later changed his mind (needed money!)He tried to add more rituals to Church of England Puritans (English Puritans) saw this a too Catholic 1000s went to America

ENGLISH CIVIL WARCavaliers (supporters of King)

VSRoundheads (Parliament's Forces)Oliver Cromwell - Prime

Minister (PM) & military geniusCreated & led New Model Army Known as Roundheads Made up of Extreme PuritansParliament Won!!

CROMWELL'S ENGLAND

Cromwell now in charge January 30, 1649 - executed Charles I Purged Parliament of members not supportive of him Abolished monarchy & House of Lords Declared England a Republic Set up a military dictatorship

THE RESTORATION1659 - Cromwell dies...who will rule now?Parliament chose to RESTORE monarchy Charles II - son of Charles I Sympathetic to Catholics Brother - James, heir to throne

Parliament introduces the Exclusion Bill An attempt to bar James from the throne Long debate in Parliament

1681 - Charles II dismissed Parliament (no vote on bill!!)

JAMES II1685 - Charles II diesThrone goes to his brother...James II crowned Devout & open Catholic Named Catholics to high positions in govt Parliament objected to James II's policies, but did nothing Waiting for King to die1688 - has a SON!!!!

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

William of Orange - Dutch (Protestant) Married to James II's daughter, Mary Invited by Parliament to invade England!1688 - William 'invaded' James II & family fled to FranceGlorious Revolution because... 1. No bloodshed 2. Parliament made King & Queen agree to a Bill of Rights before crowned

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

Set up Parliament's right to make laws & levy taxesStated - need Parliament's approval to raise armyHelped create govt based on rule of law & freely elected Parliamentlaid foundation for limited/constitutional monarchy

Toleration Act of 1689 - granted Puritans, but not Catholics the right to freely worship

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

Theory that explain how people maintain social order.Contract implies people give up some rights to a govt/authority, in exchange for rule of law.

The type of Social Contract you believe exists, or should exists, determines the type of government you think is most effective.

Take your own notes!!!!!!!!

THOMAS HOBBESEnglish PhilosopherWrote Leviathan - his social contract theoryBelieved life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short"People are selfish - need absolute monarchy to control chaos

John LockeEnglish philosopher

Natural Rights - life, liberty, property

Gov - protect nat'l. rightsnot protected = revolt + new gov

Believes demoracy is best for the people

The Scientific RevolutionBefore - knowledge based on superstition/beliefsDisagreeing w/Catholic church = heresy

During SR people began to use the scientific method to determine things -People should use REASON & should OBSERVE nature to find scientific truth!Scientific Rev. aka - Age of REASON!

What people believed prior:Ptolemy- greatest ancient astronomerPtolemaic system - geocentricb/c - Earth centeredThe earth is fixed/motionlessUniverse - serires of concentric spheresBeyond the universe is HEAVEN!

Nicolas CopernicusPolish

Believed Ptolomey's system had flawsHeliocentric theory - sun is center, planets revolve around sun, moon around planets.

Devout Catholic- never declared theory to be true (heresy)

Theory made Earth just like any other planet, took heaven off the map

Johannes KeplerGerman mathmaticianused reason & math to prove Copernicus' theorydiscovered laws of planetary motion Elliptical orbits (egg shaped, not circular) planet's speed increase as it gets closer to the sun direct relationship btw planet's distance from sun and time took to orbit

Galileo GalileiItalian mathematicianBuilt his own telescopeUsed telescope (& reason) to prove heliocentric theoryDiscovered: Jupiter had moons, Sun had sunspots,Moon had cratersDebunked old world views of heavenly bodies being composed of perfect matter - different from the Earthdeclared heretic - recanted what he said after threats of torture/execution

Isaac NewtonEnglishmanhoped to bring together science & religion - devout AnglicanUsed reason to discover Laws of Gravity, Laws of motion & calculus

Believed God was the cause of all motion and matter, but not responsible for the behavior of matter

Francis BaconEnglish philosopherscientific method - used reason & observation to prove things - inductive reasoningChanged the way people thought Advocated gov. funding for science - make nations rich/powerful'Knowledge is power'

Rene Descartes

Because so many people began questioning things and trying to prove things, and because people began learning & discovering like never

before, this time period in history became known as the

ENLIGHTNEMENT!

MontesquieuFrench philosopher Wrote The Spirit of the Laws - outlined his ideas about gov.Believed thee can be no freedom when there is no balance of powerSeparation of Powers - 3 branches ENG had a good model: King, Parliment, and judges in the court

EQUAL BUT SEPARATE!!!!!

RousseauFrenchThe Social ContractMan is born free, but everywhere he is in chainsGov't is contract btw ppl & rulermust be what ppl want

VoltaireFrenchLife is better with libertyFreedom of speech & religionSeparation of church & state'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend you to the death your right to say it.'

The Philosophes United for the common cause of education the public(Shared the common beliefe that they were intellectual beacons whose responsibility is was to enlighten the public) Hoped to free people from the superstition and dogma by exposing fallacies of organized religion believed that b/c God was rational, and could be understood through reason therefore no need for superstition, ceremonies, or mysticism that accompanied organized religion (this new view of God & creation is deism)

The Philosophes 'Reform movement'

The only way society would change was through educating those who ruledOnly they had the power to change existing laws & societal conditions

Enlightened RulersAllow - religious toleranceNurture - arts, science, edu.Obey -lawsEnforce - fairly on everything

Enlightened Absolutismrulers govern w/ Enl. principles and keep royal power

Prussia

RussiaCatherine the Great - favored Enl. reforms but expanded serfdom AustriaMaria Theresa - worked to centralize empire and end serfdom not open to reformJoseph II - est. equality before the law

Fredrick II - aka: Fredrick the Great, well versed in Enl. ideas abolished - torture (except - murder/treason cases) granted - limited free speech & press Kept - Serfdom & rigid social structure

How can you be enlightened & absolute?

many rulers talked about changesome even attemptedBut power was a priority Powers used to collect more taxes, creating armies Purpose - wage war, gain more power

Issues of the timeWar of Austrian Succession Fred II of PR took adv. of Maria Theresa being a woman on the throne & invaded Austrian SilesiaFrance - sides w/ PR AU made alliance w/ GB Prussia seized SilesiaFrance V. Britian In Far East - FR took Madras from BR In N. Am - Br took Ft. LouisbourgTReaty of Aix-La-Chapelle (1748) - guaranteed return of occupied terr, except Silesia - Pr refused to return - meant another war

7 Years WarFr. Aust. RU vs. Pr & BR

Maria Theresa - refused to accept loss of Silesia2 new rivalries Br & FR -re: colonialism Aust & Pr -re: SilesiaFR abandoned PR - allies w/ AustRU - saw PR as threat - allies w/ Fr & Aust.Br allies w/ Pr 3 areas of conflict - Europe, India, N. America

More WarWar in Eur 1763 - 7 yrs. War overall occupied terr returned to orig. owners PR - permanent control on SilesiaWar in India - Great War for Empire Fr v. Br - Br won, FR left IndiaWar in N. AmBr. & FR fought over Gulf of St. Lawrence & Ohio River Valley Fr gained Indian's support Treaty of Paris - ended war Br - Canada & land east of Miss. river SP - Florida to Br, Fr - Lousannia to SP

CONSTITUTIONALISM!

(the belief that the gov't contract should be written down, making clear what

powers were given to whom)

Intellectuals are examining the standards by which rulers governed

New ideas stated individuals had natural rights and that gov't was an agreement/contract btw people and their ruler.

In gov't contract ruler & citizen had rights & responsibilities

Power should be seperated & balanced so groups did not become corrupt through the power

What did all these great thoughts lead to?

English Constitutionalism is caused by:

lack of powerful monarch since Henry VIIIParliament gains power over kings by choosing/confirming the king'Power of the purse' - no taxes w/out Paliament consentKings inability to unite noblesreligious divisiontaste of Divine Right monarchy under Stuart kings

America - influenced by the Enlightenment

America became a country during the heart of the Enlightenemnt

Influenced by Enl. thinkersLocke - Declaration of Independence - '...All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certian unalienable RIGHTS, among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness...'Montesquieu - Constitution - 'Article I: Legislative Power... Article II: Nature and Scope of Executive Power... Article III: Judicial Power, Courts, Judges...'Voltaire - Bill of Rights - 'Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of RELIGION, or prohibit the free exercise thereof; or abridging the FREEDOM OF SPEECH, or of the PRESS...'