Unit 18a DNA fingerprinting and genetic engineering

9.3 DNA Fingerprinting

KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level.


A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map.

• DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual’s DNA that can by used for identification.– based on noncoding regions of DNA– noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences– number of repeats differs between people– Gel electrophoresis separates the sequences into

“bands”


DNA fingerprinting is used for identification.

• DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match.– Many people have the

same number ofrepeats in a certainregion of DNA.

– The probability that two people share identicalnumbers of repeats inseveral locations isvery small.

(mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father)


• DNA fingerprinting is used in several ways.

– evidence in criminal cases

– paternity tests– immigration requests– studying biodiversity

– tracking genetically modified crops

9.4 Genetic Engineering

KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.


Entire organisms can be cloned.

• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. If you could clone your favorite pet, would you? Why or why not?


• Cloning occurs in nature.

– bacteria (binary fission)– some plants (from roots)– some simple animals (budding, regeneration)


• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.

– nucleus is removed from a fertilized egg cell– nucleus of a somatic cell from the animal to be cloned is

implanted in the egg


• Cloning has potential benefits. Like what?

– organs for transplant into humans– save endangered species

• Cloning raises concerns. Like what?– low success rate– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal– decreased biodiversity


Thinking About It…

• Would you be in favor of continuing cloning research? • What restrictions would you think are necessary?


New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA.

• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits. What genes would you like to incorporate into your favorite pet?

• Genetic engineering is based on the use of recombinant DNA.

• Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism.

(bacterial DNA)


• Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA.

– plasmids are loops of DNA in bacteria

– restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA

– foreign gene inserted into plasmid


Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits. Have scientists successfully made any transgenic plants or animals?

• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.


• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human proteins. Why would this be useful?– gene inserted into plasmid – plasmid inserted into bacteria– bacteria express the gene

• Transgenic plants are common in agriculture.– transgenic bacteria

infect a plant– plant expresses

foreign gene– many crops are now

genetically modified(GM)


• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions.

– transgenic mice used to study development and disease

– gene knockout mice used to study gene function


• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering. What concerns would you have?– possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods– possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and

biodiversity


True or False? Sometimes, scientific knowledge leads to ethical dilemmas. • Correct Answer =


True or False? Sometimes, scientific knowledge leads to ethical dilemmas. • Correct Answer = True

A deontologist would likely believe lying is always wrong. • Correct Answer =



A deontologist would likely believe lying is always wrong. • Correct Answer = True

In an ethical debate, if consensus is reached, the majority win as in a vote. • Correct Answer =




In an ethical debate, if consensus is reached, the majority win as in a vote. • Correct Answer = False

Bias is not an issue on the World Wide Web. • Correct Answer =





Bias is not an issue on the World Wide Web. • Correct Answer = False

A consequentialist would be likely to use a cost-benefit analysis. • Correct Answer =





Bias is not an issue on the World Wide Web. • Correct Answer = False

A consequentialist would be likely to use a cost-benefit analysis. • Correct Answer = True


Review

DNA fingerprinting is used for identification and determining relationshipA clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism – cloning occurs in natureCloning has potential benefits and raises concernsGenetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits. A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genomeTransgenic organisms are already being used both in agriculture and scientific studiesTransgenics has potential benefits and raises concerns

Unit 18a DNA fingerprinting and genetic engineering

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