Nationalism, Ethnicity and Religion: Fundamental Conflicts and
Unit 18 Post WW II – Nationalism - Having prideNationalism in one’s nation, ethnicity, culture,...
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Transcript of Unit 18 Post WW II – Nationalism - Having prideNationalism in one’s nation, ethnicity, culture,...
Unit 18Post WW II – Nationalism - Having pride
in one’s nation, ethnicity, culture, etc.
Unit 18 – Post WW II - Nationalism
Essential Questions
Nationalism in Africa
Post WW II Nationalism
Nationalism in India
Map
Timeline
Nationalism in Southeast Asia
AfricaGot independence
from European countries,
“gradually”1940’s – 1970’s India
A British colony – got independence in 1947
Was “partitioned” (split-up) because Hindus and Muslims could not get along
French Indo-ChinaFrench colony
Vietnam WarCommunism
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1945:WW II ended 1994:
“Apartheid” ended in South Africa
1947:India got independenceWas “partitioned” into India and Pakistan
1971:“East Pakistan”
became Bangladesh
African colonies “gradually” got independence
India/Pakistan border disputes beganFrench
fought for Vietnam
U.S. involvement in Vietnam
Ethnic Rivalries in Africa
Timeline of Post WW II - Nationalism
Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the
1800s?
1. New nations were based on old tribal boundaries. 2. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the African
people was disregarded. 3. The continent was divided equally among the
colonial powers. 4. African unity was encouraged.
Case Study – Nationalism in TurkeyKemal Ataturk: Nationalist leader of modern Turkey – overthrew the Sultan (Ottoman Empire) following WWI
On the same page as timeline
How he changed Turkey:
Replaced Islamic traditions with “western” style customs
•Laws•Calendar•Clothes
•Women received more rights•Began western style industrialization
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Where was Kemal Ataturk from?
• Partner B: What did he do?
Which action is most closely associated with Ataturk (Mustafa
Kemal)?
1) Using Western practices to modernize Turkey
2) Beginning the Zionist movement
3) Starting the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
4) Enforcing Islamic law
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What happened to the continent of Africa during the 1800s?
• Partner B: Who did it and why did it happen?
III. Nationalism in Africa
Pre-World War II:
Africa was divided up
into European colonies
World War II: European colonies grew tired of fighting wars
Post-World War II: Colonies not wanting to fight – Europeans decided to allow their colonies independence
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What impact did war have on colonists?
• Partner B: What happened to colonies after WWII?
Important Independence Movements:
Ghana:
• In general – got independence peacefully
• Led by Kwame Nkrumah
Important Independence Movements:
Kenya:
• A lot of violence was used to get independence
• Led by Jomo Kenyatta
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who led the independence movement in Ghana?
• Partner B: Who led the independence movement in Kenya?
• Partner A: How did these independent movements differ?
One similarity in the leadership of Simon Bolivar and Jomo Kenyatta
is that both leaders1) Promoted European control over the
Americas
2) Became religious leaders of their countries
3) Controlled large areas of land in the Americas
4) Fought for independence from European control
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What happened to South Africa during the imperialism unit?
• Partner B: How may this situation cause racism?
Apartheid
History
• Took place in the nation
of South Africa• 1948 – white minority
controlled the black
majority through a
government policy called
“apartheid” (separation of
the races)
42
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What is apartheid?
• Partner B: How is this similar to the U.S. Jim Crow Laws?
ANCAfrican National Congress
• created to oppose apartheid
• led peaceful protests
• led by Nelson Mandela
LeadersNelson Mandela• early leader of the ANC• jailed because of his ANC work• elected president of South Africa
Who does Mandelaremind you of in U.S. history?
45
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What was the African National Congress?
• Partner B: Who is Nelson Mandela?
• Partner A: Who may Nelson Mandela remind you of in U.S. history?
The South African government’s policy of racial separation between
1948 and 1994 was called
(1)Pan-Africanism (2)apartheid
(3) democratization (4) suffrage
Leaders
Bishop Desmond Tutu
• organized international pressure against South Africa
– trade embargoes
– banned from Olympics
Leaders
F.W. DeKlerk
• white president that legalized the ANC
• his reforms led to the end of apartheid
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who is Desmond Tutu?
• Partner B: Who is F.W. DeKlerk?
After Independence: Gradualism – the policy of allowing
colonies their independence gradually – only after proving they were ready to govern themselves
• British Commonwealth
– An economic alliance– Between Great Britain and it former
colonies
Ethnic Rivalries: hatred and violence between different tribal
groups• Nigeria:
– Over 200 tribes– Very unstable government since
independence
• Rwanda:– Tribal conflicts have led to acts of genocide– Hutus vs. Tutsi
Sudan: recent acts of genocide have taken place in the Darfur region
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What happened to India during the imperialism unit?
• Partner B: What did the Indians do to resist (What was that conflict called)?
Amritsar Massacre
IV. Nationalism in India
Colonial History:
• It had been a British colony
• Sepoys had tried to get rid
of the British → failed
(Sepoy Mutiny)
Attempts at Nationalism:
• Indian National Congress: organization created by Hindus – to get independence
• Muslim League: organization created by Muslims – to get independence and their own Muslim nation
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What is the Indian National Congress?
• Partner B: What is the Muslim League?
Important Leaders:
Mohandas Gandhi: used peaceful methods to get India’s independence
• “Passive Resistance”: peaceful protesting (boycotts, marches, sit-ins) “Salt March”
• “Civil Disobedience”: breaking the law on purpose to get attention for your cause
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who is Mohandas Gandhi?
• Partner B: What is passive resistance?
• Partner A: What is civil disobedience?
• Partner B: Who may Gandhi remind you of?
Mohandas Gandhi’s protests in India were a response to Great
Britain’s 1) Support of Zionism
2) Practice of humanitarianism
3) Introduction of socialism
4) Policy of colonialism
Mohandas Gandhi is most closely associated with
1) Support of violence and terrorism to end British rule
2) Desire to strengthen the caste system
3) Use of civil disobedience to gain political freedom
4) Establishment of a national religion in India
One way in which Simon Bolivar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Mohandas Gandhi are similar is that each
1) Led a nationalist movement
2) Used nonviolent tactics
3) Supported imperialism
4) Opposed communism
Mohandas Gandhi’s protests during India’s independence movement were often successful because of his application of
(1) an appeasement policy(2) civil disobedience(3) traditional caste beliefs(4) divide-and-conquer principles
Important Leaders:
• Jawaharlal Nehru: first Prime Minister of India
WestPakistan
EastPakistanBangladesh
India(Hindu)
Independence:
• 1947: British gave India independence
• Partition: India was split; reason →Hindus and Muslims could not get along– India became Hindu– Pakistan became Muslim
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who is Nehru?
• Partner B: What happened to India after they gained independence?
• Partner A: Indian became ________
• Partner B: Pakistan became ________
Between 1945 and 1947, the differences between the Hindus
and the Muslims in India led to the
1) Sepoy Mutiny
2) Salt March
3) Policy of nonalignment
4) Partitioning of the subcontinent
At the end of WWII, the British decided to partition the Indian subcontinent into the
nations of India and Pakistan. What was the primary reason for this division?
1) India had adopted a policy of nonalignment
2) Religious differences led to conflicts between the Hindus and the Muslims
3) Most of India’s valuable resources were located in the south
4) British India’s Muslim minority controlled most of India’s banking industry
Recent Issues:
Non-Alignment: did not choose a side during the cold war
Kashmir and Punjab: areas near the India/Pakistan border that they often fight over
Pakistan:• India’s #1 enemy• Very strong Muslim nation• Recently had a good relationship with the U.S.
(support for our anti-terrorism activities)
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Give one current Indian issue
• Partner B: Give another
• Partner A: Give another
V. Nationalism in Southeast Asia
Vietnam:
• As a French Colony:
• Was a part of “French
Indo-China”
• Fought against the French
for independence and won
India
Myanmar(Burma)
Cambodia
Vietnam
Vietnam:
• Ho Chi Minh: “Nationalist” leader – led Vietnam against the French
• Dien bein phu: big battle in the French War (1954) French lost
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who controlled Vietnam prior to their independence?
• Partner B: Who leads the independence movement for Vietnam?
U.S. Involvement:
• Came in on the South’s side
• To stop the spread of communism
Domino Theory:
• U.S. believed that if one nation (Vietnam) fell to communism, other nearby nations would also fall
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What was U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam?
• Partner B: How is Vietnam related to the Cold War?
Viet Cong: (V.C., “Charlie”)
• communists that lived in South Vietnam but fought secretly for North Vietnam
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who were the Vietcong?
• Partner B: Why did this group cause a problem for American forces?
Results:
• U.S. pulled out of the war
• North took over the South
• One communist nation today
Cambodia:
Khmer Rouge: name of the communist party in Cambodia– Pol Pot: Brutal dictator
and leader of the Khmer Rouge
– Killed millions of Cambodians (attempt to eliminate “western” influences)
India
Myanmar(Burma)
Cambodia
Vietnam
Pol Pot – Do Not Write
• All foreigners were expelled, embassies closed, and any foreign economic or medical assistance was refused. The use of foreign languages was banned. Newspapers and television stations were shut down, radios and bicycles confiscated, and mail and telephone usage curtailed. Money was forbidden. All businesses were shuttered, religion banned, education halted, health care eliminated, and parental authority revoked. Thus Cambodia was sealed off from the outside world.
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who is Pol Pot?
• Partner B: What is the Khmer Rouge?
• Partner B: What made Pol Pot and brutal dictator?
Myanmar:
• Colonial History: an old British colony (Burma)– After independence → a
military government took over (dictatorship)
India
Myanmar(Burma)
Cambodia
Vietnam
Myanmar:
• Aung San Suu Kyi:– Led the opposition group against the
military dictatorship– Elected president – the
government didn’t allow
the results and she
was arrested
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Who took over Myanmar when they gained their independence?
• Partner B: Who is Aung San Suu Kyi?