Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement
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Transcript of Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement
Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement
Whats another word for movement? 200 Whats another word for
movement? Locomotion Which two systems work together to allow
support & movement? Muscular & skeletal system Joints of
the Skeletal System Interactive Table More Joints of the Skeletal
System Interactive Table Muscle & Connective Tissue Animation
How do skeletal & muscular systems show unity within diversity?
Many organisms have either internal or external skeletons which
carry out similar functions (protection & support) How does
form follow function? The structure of bones primarily hollow tubes
allows for strength without adding too much weight muscle
structures allow them to contract & relax causing movement
Which two systems work together to allow support & movement?
The Role of the Skeleton
What are the 3 main functions of the skeletal system? support the
body protect organs aid in movement provides attachment site for
muscles Protection (skull, ribs, breast bone, vertebrae) of organs
support (thigh bones = femur) Locomotion/movement (attachment for
muscles) ALSO: Make blood cells (in bone marrow) & store
calcium (give bones strength) Bone Living or Not? Is bone
living?
Yes, even though its hard & made of minerals, bone IS a LIVING
tissue that grows. Think about it are you the same height as you
were when you were a baby? a young child? last year? 3 types of
bone cells Osteoblasts cells that form new bone through
ossification replacement of cartilage or membrane by bone take
calcium from blood Osteocytes -- are mature osteoblasts found in
most formed bone tissue Osteoclasts break down bone Ossification =
replacement of cartilage w/ bone by activity of osteoblasts &
addition of minerals such as calcium compounds (taken from blood)
Occurs in most bonesNot completed until ~25 years old Some
cartilage remains at ends to provide smooth joint surfaces Tissues
of the Skeletal System
What types of tissue make up the skeletal system? cartilage bone
compact (solid) bone spongy bone membrane (periosteum) marrow
ligaments Cartilage What is cartilage? Where is cartilage
found?
A tough, flexible tissue that doesnt store calcium, so it is less
dense than bone. Where is cartilage found? mostly at the ends of
bone Why? acts as a cushion for joints Where is cartilage found? at
the ends of bones in adult (to provide for smooth joint surface),
as rings around the trachea to prevent collapse, most of the
skeleton in the vertebrate fetus & a number of parts of
juvenile skeleton, Density = mass/volume(higher density = more mass
per unit volume, so more compact) Bone Structure What types of
tissues are found in bone?
Interactive Bone Diagram What types of tissues are found in bone?
compact (solid) bone hard part of bone very strong b/c stores
calcium usually found along outer edges spongy bone has many empty
spaces usually found near end of bones membrane (periosteum) covers
bone contains nerves & blood vessels marrow soft center in bone
makes blood cells Periosteum tough outer membrane, supplies nerves
and blood vessels to Haversian canal, contains cells needed for
growth & repair, point of attachment for muscle 2 types of bone
tissue compact bone shafts of long bones, hard & compact, made
of alternating layers of collagen (protein) & minerals &
contains many tiny channels called Haversian canals which carry
blood vessels & nerves that supply osteocytes in the bone
tissue, marrowin central hollows of many bones (red marrow in flat
bones & ends of long bones produces red blood cells, some white
blood cells, & platelets, & yellow marrow in hollow
interior of long bones stores fat), marrow also functions in
formation of bone cells spongy bone ends of long bones, under a
layer of compact bone, composed of a system of cavities &
intersecting plates Ligaments What are ligaments?
connective tissue: holds bones to other bones What holds bones to
other bones? connective tissue called ligaments (made of collagen
& some elastic fibers) Muscles also play a role Joints What is
a joint? What allows joints to move smoothly?
where bones come together What allows joints to move smoothly?
cartilage covering the end of the bones fluid-filled bags between
cartilage & bone Ends of bones covered with cartilageprovide
smooth joint surfacesFluid-filled bags between cartilage & bone
(= bursa) Why? Cushion to prevent bones from rubbing against each
other types Types of Joints fixed movable ball & socket hinge
pivot gliding
gliding joint types fixed movable ball & socket hinge pivot
gliding Ends of bones covered with cartilageprovide smooth joint
surfacesFluid-filled bags between cartilage & bone (= bursa)
Why? Most are movable What holds them together?Muscles &
connective tissue called ligaments (made of collagen & some
elastic fibers Classification of Joints Animation Fixed Joints Are
not connected by ligaments. Do they move?
What is an example? skull Examples individual bones of skull
mobility? Fixed joints in the skull create flexibility during birth
b/c not fused yet (soft spots),in adults fused together (not
connected by ligaments), connected by fibrous connective tissue
Also known as immovable joints or sutures Types of Movable
Joints
1. ball & socket In which direction(s) does it move? rotate,
front-back, side-side most mobility of all joints What are
examples? hip, shoulder Examples shoulder (end of humerus = rounded
knob, shoulder/scapula = depression) & hip (end of femur =
rounded knob, pelvis = depression) most mobility How can it move?
Rotate, move frontback, move side-side Types of Movable
Joints
2. hinge In which direction(s) does it move? open-closed (only in 1
direction) like a door What are examples? elbow, knee Examples
Elbow, knee, fingers, toes Limited mobilityWhich
directions?movement in only 1 direction (like a door opened or
closed) Types of Movable Joints
3. pivot In which direction(s) does it move? twists/rotates like a
door knob What are examples? skull w/ neck vertebrae, lower arm
Examples where skull connects to vertebrae/spine, where ulna &
radius (lower arm) connect near elbow limited mobility Which
directions? The end of one bone rotates (pivots) on another Types
of Movable Joints
4. gliding In which direction(s) does it move? slides back-forth,
side-side What are examples? vertebrae (back), wrist, ankle
Examples vertebrae, wrist, ankle limited mobility Which directions?
back and forth motion, side to side The Muscular System What is the
muscular system?
all muscles inthe body What is the function of the muscular system?
movement What is a muscle? tissue that can change shape &
length >600 muscles human body made of long, excitable cells
capable of contraction attached to skeleton contract pull on
skeleton results in movement 3 Human Muscles Types What are the 3
different muscle types in humans?
skeletal (a.k.a. striated) smooth cardiac Each has a different
structure, pattern, job, & location in the body. Skeletal
muscles (striated) voluntary,moves bones, long multinucleate cells
fibers Smooth muscles involuntary, lines digestive and respiratory
tracts and blood vessels, tapered distinct cells Cardiac muscle
involuntary, only in heart, striated and branched 3 Human Muscles
Types 1. skeletal (striated)
What do the cells look like? long fibers dark & light stripes
(striations) Where are they typically found? most of the body
attached to skeleton What is their function? move bones of the
skeleton by contracting in opposing pairs Are their movements
voluntary or involuntary? voluntary Appearance of cells?long
multinucleate striated/striped cells fibers Where typically
found?Legs/arms Function Used for locomotion?Yes moves bones
(locomotion) Use for peristalsis?no Involved in reflex arc?Yes
Voluntary or involuntary?Voluntary Contracts quickly or
slowly?quickly Stays contracted for a long or short period?short 3
Human Muscles Types 2. smooth What do the cells look like?
tapered (thin ends, thick center) no stripes (no striations) Where
are they typically found? digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood
vessels, other organs What is their function? regulate activity of
organs or vessels Are their movements voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary Appearance of cells?tapered distinct cells each w/
nucleus Where typically found?lines digestive tract, respiratory
tract, & blood vessels NOT connected to bone Function Used for
locomotion?no Use for peristalsis?Yes Regulate activity of organs
or diameter or vessels Involved in reflex arc?yes Voluntary or
involuntary?involuntary Contracts quickly or slowly?slowly Stays
contracted for a long or short period?long 3 Human Muscles Types 3.
cardiac What do the cells look like?
long fibers that branch & weave together dark & light
stripes (striations) Where are they typically found? ONLY in heart
What is their function? contracts rhythmically pump blood out of
heart Are their movements voluntary or involuntary? involuntary
Appearance of cells?Striated & branched Where typically
found?Only in heart NOT connected to bone Functioncontracts
rhythmically to force blood out of heart chambers into arteries
Used for locomotion?no Use for peristalsis?no Involved in reflex
arc?no Voluntary or involuntary?involuntary Contracts quickly or
slowly?quick Stays contracted for a long or short period?short
Voluntary or involuntary? Muscle Types in the Body
Striated (skeletal) Cardiac Smooth Appearance of cells? Striped
(striated) Striped (striated) & branched Tapered (thin ends,
thick center); no stripes (not striated) Where typically found?
Attached to skeleton (ex. legs/ arms) heart digestive system,
respiratory system, blood vessels Function? movement pump blood
fromheart to arteries peristalsis, regulate activity of organs or
diameter or vessels Voluntary or involuntary? voluntary involuntary
Muscle Types in the Body Tendons What are tendons? connective
tissue: holds muscles to bones
must be attached to bones at 2 points at opposite ends of the
muscle What holds muscles to bones? connective tissue called
tendons Attachment to 2 sites is necessary for movement (during
contraction one end of the muscle the bone to which it is attached
do not move = point of origin) (other end of the muscle & the
bone to which it is attached move when the muscle contracts = point
of insertion) The Achilles tendon is the thickest and strongest
tendon in the human body How Muscles Work How do muscles work? by
contracting or relaxing
muscle fibers cannot lengthen So, skeletal muscles must work in
opposing pairs. flexors extensors Muscle fibers are made of fibrils
which are made of protein filaments called actin (thin) &
myosin (thick) Sliding Filament Hypothesis muscle receives nerve
impulse actin & myosin slide over one another muscle contracts
when muscle relaxes actin & myosin go back to original
positions Skeletal Muscles Work in Pairs
What does a flexor do when it contracts? bends the joint Examples
of flexors? biceps, hamstring (back of thigh) Animation of Muscles
Working in Pairs Muscles Contracting in Pairs flexor extensor What
does each do? flexor causes flexing/decrease of angle (bending) at
a joint ex. biceps, hamstring extensor causes the
extension/increase of angle (straightening) of a joint ex. triceps,
quadriceps Flexors & extensors are also important for support
of body b/c both muscles of pair are always slightly contracted
(muscle tone), keeps muscles ready for quick contractions. Skeletal
Muscles Work in Pairs
What does an extensor do when it contracts? straightens the joint
Examples of extensors? triceps, quadriceps (front of thigh)
Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs Muscles Contracting in Pairs
flexor extensor What does each do? flexor causes flexing/decrease
of angle (bending) at a joint ex. biceps, hamstring extensor causes
the extension/increase of angle (straightening) of a joint ex.
triceps, quadriceps Flexors & extensors are also important for
support of body b/c both muscles of pair are always slightly
contracted (muscle tone), keeps muscles ready for quick
contractions.