Unit 15Unit 15PP 2PP 2

Chapter 29.2-29.4Chapter 29.2-29.4

The Road to World War IIThe Road to World War II

The US positionThe US position Still viewed all of this as a Still viewed all of this as a

“European problem”“European problem”– IsolationismIsolationism– The Neutrality ActsThe Neutrality Acts– Eventually these were Eventually these were

relaxed and we began to relaxed and we began to aid the alliesaid the allies Lend lease ActLend lease Act Destroyers for naval basesDestroyers for naval bases The “Arsenal of Democracy”The “Arsenal of Democracy” New Axis Powers agreement New Axis Powers agreement

was disturbing (Why?)was disturbing (Why?)

Hitler’s Conquests in EuropeHitler’s Conquests in Europe Blitzkrieg (Panzer divisions of 300 tanks)Blitzkrieg (Panzer divisions of 300 tanks)

– Tanks, Infantry and air supportTanks, Infantry and air support– Use of paratroopersUse of paratroopers– Poland falls on September 27th

April 1940 takes Denmark and NorwayApril 1940 takes Denmark and Norway– Netherlands (2 days)Netherlands (2 days)– Belgium (2 weeks)Belgium (2 weeks)

Hitler avoided the Hitler avoided the Maginot LineMaginot Line– Invades FranceInvades France through Luxembourg (6/10/40) through Luxembourg (6/10/40)– The Miracle of DunkirkThe Miracle of Dunkirk: 300,000 saved but all : 300,000 saved but all

equipment was lost (equipment was lost (DeGaulle and the Free FrenchDeGaulle and the Free French))– Germans reach Paris on June 14Germans reach Paris on June 14thth 1940 1940– set up the set up the Vichy government under Henri PetainVichy government under Henri Petain

Henri PetainVichy France

The Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain From August of 1940 until March of 1941 Hitler From August of 1940 until March of 1941 Hitler

bombed England to soften them up for bombed England to soften them up for invasion (15,000 killed in London in 2 months)invasion (15,000 killed in London in 2 months)– British bomb Berlin and caused the Luftwaffe to British bomb Berlin and caused the Luftwaffe to

shift focus to Londonshift focus to London– Hitler shifts focus to London (allows British industry Hitler shifts focus to London (allows British industry

to produce)to produce)– Operation Sea Lion (propaganda)Operation Sea Lion (propaganda)– RAF RAF used used radar radar and US help to fight off the attacksand US help to fight off the attacks– Winston Churchill Winston Churchill took power in May of 1940 took power in May of 1940

(good relationship with FDR and the US)(good relationship with FDR and the US)

– Churchill SpeechChurchill Speech

THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTICTHE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC GERMAN U-BOAT FORCE ATTACKS U.S. / BRITISH NAVIES & GERMAN U-BOAT FORCE ATTACKS U.S. / BRITISH NAVIES &

MERCHANT SHIPS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC SEA LANESMERCHANT SHIPS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC SEA LANES JUNE 1940 - FEB 41 “THE HAPPY TIME” (JUNE 1940 - FEB 41 “THE HAPPY TIME” (WOLFPACKSWOLFPACKS))

– GERMANS ATTEMPT TO CUT OFF FLOW OF SUPPLIES FROM GERMANS ATTEMPT TO CUT OFF FLOW OF SUPPLIES FROM U.S. TO BRITIANU.S. TO BRITIAN

– ATTACKS START CLOSE TO U.S. SHOREATTACKS START CLOSE TO U.S. SHORE– COMBAT EVENTAULLY MOVES FURTHER INTO THE ATLANTICCOMBAT EVENTAULLY MOVES FURTHER INTO THE ATLANTIC– U.S. USES U.S. USES SONARSONAR (ASDIC) & (ASDIC) & RADAR RADAR TO HINDER GERMANSTO HINDER GERMANS RESULTS?RESULTS?– HEAVY LOSSES ON BOTH SIDESHEAVY LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES– BY MID-1943, ALLIES HAVE WON CONTROL OF THE ATLANTICBY MID-1943, ALLIES HAVE WON CONTROL OF THE ATLANTIC

WW II GERMAN U-BOATWW II GERMAN U-BOAT

OPERATION BARBAROSSAOPERATION BARBAROSSA

THE EASTERN FRONTTHE EASTERN FRONT June 22, 1941: June 22, 1941:

– Operation Barbarossa / Germany invades Russia with Operation Barbarossa / Germany invades Russia with 3 million soldiers3 million soldiers USSR lost 2.5 million men in the first part of the invasionUSSR lost 2.5 million men in the first part of the invasion

– Why?Why? LebensraumLebensraum:: Nazi Racial TheoriesNazi Racial Theories

– Wanted to force GB to sign a treaty by eliminating an Wanted to force GB to sign a treaty by eliminating an important potential allyimportant potential ally

Resources: Resources: Land, Food, OilLand, Food, Oil– Battle of LeningradBattle of Leningrad

2 and a half year siege of the city2 and a half year siege of the city 1 million soviet dead1 million soviet dead

The Final SolutionThe Final Solution Hitler put the SS in charge Hitler put the SS in charge

of implementing the plan to of implementing the plan to eliminate the Jewseliminate the Jews– Reinhard Heydrich (SS)Reinhard Heydrich (SS)

Ghettos, mobile killing units, Ghettos, mobile killing units, death camps (1942)death camps (1942)

– AuschwitzAuschwitz The death tollThe death toll

– 5-6 million Jews5-6 million Jews– Another 9-10 million (gypsies, Another 9-10 million (gypsies,

slavs etc..)slavs etc..)

The US Enters the WarThe US Enters the WarMarch 1941: FDR goes to Lend-March 1941: FDR goes to Lend-

Lease Act (Arsenal of Lease Act (Arsenal of Democracy)Democracy)

August 1941: Atlantic CharterAugust 1941: Atlantic Charter

July 1941 Japan occupied July 1941 Japan occupied Indo-Indo-ChinaChina (US oil embargo) (US oil embargo)– Freeze Japanese assetsFreeze Japanese assets

Pearl Harbor December 7Pearl Harbor December 7thth 1941 1941 US declares war on Japan (Dec US declares war on Japan (Dec

88thth)) Italy and Germany declare war on Italy and Germany declare war on

US (Dec 11US (Dec 11thth))

G.I. Roundtable Series

Early lossesEarly losses December 7December 7thth 1941 Pearl Harbor US declares war 1941 Pearl Harbor US declares war

on Japanon Japan– Doolittle raid (sig?)Doolittle raid (sig?)

Internment of Japanese AmericansInternment of Japanese Americans– Japan scores early victoriesJapan scores early victories

The Philippines, Indonesia, New GuineaThe Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea MacArthur “I shall return” promiseMacArthur “I shall return” promise

– Bataan Death March (largest US Army surrender)Bataan Death March (largest US Army surrender)

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea– A tie but saves AustraliaA tie but saves Australia– First naval battle where ships do not see each otherFirst naval battle where ships do not see each other

http://ghostofbataan.com/image2/deathm1.jpg

PHILIPPINES

80,000 US VS.

200,000 JAPAN

After 5 Months-US Forces:14,000 KIA48,000 WIA

They were beaten, and They were beaten, and they were starved as they they were starved as they marched. Those who fell marched. Those who fell were bayoneted. Some of were bayoneted. Some of those who fell were those who fell were beheaded by Japanese beheaded by Japanese officers who were practicing officers who were practicing with their samurai swords with their samurai swords from horseback. The from horseback. The Japanese culture at that Japanese culture at that time reflected the view that time reflected the view that any warrior who any warrior who surrendered had no honor; surrendered had no honor; thus was not to be treated thus was not to be treated like a human being. Thus like a human being. Thus they were not committing they were not committing crimes against human crimes against human beings.[...] The Japanese beings.[...] The Japanese soldiers at that time [...] felt soldiers at that time [...] felt they were dealing with they were dealing with subhumans and animals.subhumans and animals.[9][9]

The Tide TurnsThe Tide Turns

Chapter 28 section 3Chapter 28 section 3

BATTLE OF STALINGRADBATTLE OF STALINGRADOctober 1942 February of 1943October 1942 February of 1943 Stalingrad (Southern Russia)Stalingrad (Southern Russia)

– German attempt to capture / occupy oil fields in S. RussiaGerman attempt to capture / occupy oil fields in S. Russia– Then Germans can control important Volga River supply routeThen Germans can control important Volga River supply route

What happens?What happens?– Aug.-Oct.: German 6Aug.-Oct.: German 6thth Army seizes Stalingrad Army seizes Stalingrad– Oct.-Nov.: Russians surround / cut off GermansOct.-Nov.: Russians surround / cut off Germans– Nov.-Feb.: German Army starved / casualties highNov.-Feb.: German Army starved / casualties high– Feb: German 6Feb: German 6thth Army surrenders 91,000 prisoners Army surrenders 91,000 prisoners– ******Russian casualties (military & civilian): Russian casualties (military & civilian):

1,250,000 (more than US in the entire war)1,250,000 (more than US in the entire war)

STALINGRAD: Turning point in European STALINGRAD: Turning point in European TheatreTheatre

NORTH AFRICAN (NOV. 1942)NORTH AFRICAN (NOV. 1942)UNITED STATES SUPPORTS GREAT BRITAIN IN NORTH UNITED STATES SUPPORTS GREAT BRITAIN IN NORTH

AFRICA (AFRICA (OPERATION TORCHOPERATION TORCH))

– U.S. : U.S. : GEORGE PATTONGEORGE PATTON– BRITISH: BRITISH: BERNARD MONTGOMERYBERNARD MONTGOMERY– GERMAN GERMAN AFRIKA KORPS:AFRIKA KORPS: ERWIN ROMMEL ERWIN ROMMEL ((THE THE

DESERT FOXDESERT FOX)) WHY IMPORTANT?WHY IMPORTANT?

– CONTROL OF MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND SUEz CANALCONTROL OF MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND SUEz CANAL– ALLIES THOUGHT IT WAS “SOFT UNDERBELLY” OF EUROPEALLIES THOUGHT IT WAS “SOFT UNDERBELLY” OF EUROPE

BATTLE OF EL ALAMEIN: BATTLE OF EL ALAMEIN: – TURNING POINT IN NORTH AFRICA TURNING POINT IN NORTH AFRICA ( (BRITISH VICTORY)BRITISH VICTORY)

Italy SurrendersItaly Surrenders July 1943: Allies invaded July 1943: Allies invaded

Sicily to open a second front Sicily to open a second front in Europe (in Europe (Operation HuskyOperation Husky))– Mussolini deposed and Mussolini deposed and

arrested in the Spring of 1943arrested in the Spring of 1943– Germans divert troops to bail Germans divert troops to bail

out Italy, rescue Mussolini and out Italy, rescue Mussolini and restore him as the leader in restore him as the leader in German controlled N. ItalyGerman controlled N. Italy Eventually caught fleeing and Eventually caught fleeing and

executed in April of 1945executed in April of 1945

The tide turns in the PacificThe tide turns in the Pacific Battle of Midway Island Battle of Midway Island (June 1942)(June 1942)

– Commander Pacific Fleet Chester NimitzCommander Pacific Fleet Chester Nimitz– 4 Japanese carriers sunk to 1 US4 Japanese carriers sunk to 1 US– Why strategically important? Why strategically important?

Douglass MacArthurDouglass MacArthur– Island hoppingIsland hopping– Leytee Gulf (re-conquest of the Philippines)Leytee Gulf (re-conquest of the Philippines)

Kamikaze tacticsKamikaze tactics

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway Admiral Admiral Chester NimitzChester Nimitz, US Commander, US Commander US uses intercepted/decoded Japanese messages re: US uses intercepted/decoded Japanese messages re:

invasion fleet of 110 shipsinvasion fleet of 110 ships Nimitz sets trap, destroys 332 planes, 4 aircraft Nimitz sets trap, destroys 332 planes, 4 aircraft

carriers, and many experienced Japanese pilotscarriers, and many experienced Japanese pilots

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Unit 15 Unit 15

Chapter 29 section 4Chapter 29 section 4

The End of the War in EuropeThe End of the War in Europe D-Day invasion June 6D-Day invasion June 6thth 1944 (2 million men 1944 (2 million men

in 100 days) (Pvt. Ryan clip)in 100 days) (Pvt. Ryan clip)– Led by Led by Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower overall commander overall commander

allied forces Europeallied forces Europe Last German offensive was the Last German offensive was the Battle of Battle of

the Bulgethe Bulge December 1944 December 1944 February 1945: Yalta ConferenceFebruary 1945: Yalta Conference March 1945 allies cross the Rhine RiverMarch 1945 allies cross the Rhine River April 30April 30thth Hitler commits suicide Hitler commits suicide May 8May 8thth V-E Day V-E Day

D-Day MapD-Day Map

YALTA: February 1945YALTA: February 1945

•Last meeting of the Big Three•Stalin joins fight against Japan•USSR gets Manchuria, Kuril, Sakhalin•Founding of the United Nations, based on Atlantic Charter

What is it? Pact? Agreement? Sell-out?

Is it Versailles?Is it Munich?Or…?

Island HoppingIsland Hopping By-pass Japanese By-pass Japanese

strong-pointsstrong-points Seize small, Seize small,

unfortified islandsunfortified islands Build airfields on Build airfields on

themthem Use air power to Use air power to

destroy Japanese destroy Japanese supply linessupply lines

Starve out Japanese Starve out Japanese strong-pointsstrong-points

RepeatRepeat

Map: Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945Map: Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945

Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945Following the Battle of Midway, with the invasion of Guadalcanal (August 1942), American forces began the costly process of island hopping. This map shows the paths of the American campaign in the Pacific, closing the circle on Japan. After the Soviet Union entered the war and Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs, Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The end of the War in the PacificThe end of the War in the Pacific Marines advance to Iwo Jima and OkinawaMarines advance to Iwo Jima and Okinawa

– Iwo Jima (21,000 Japanese. 200 taken alive)Iwo Jima (21,000 Japanese. 200 taken alive)

Begin bombing Japanese citiesBegin bombing Japanese cities– 100,000 killed in Tokyo in 1 night (250,000 total)100,000 killed in Tokyo in 1 night (250,000 total)

President Truman and J. Robert President Truman and J. Robert Oppenheimer complete the “Manhattan Oppenheimer complete the “Manhattan Project”Project”– Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August of 1945)Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August of 1945)– You tube A-bombYou tube A-bomb

V-J Day Aug 15V-J Day Aug 15thth 1945 1945

Island Bases in Marianas and on Iwo Jima provided

strategic staging areas for the bombing of Japan

and dropping of the bomb.

http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/potsdam_decision.htm

Harry Truman J. Robert Oppenheimer

The Nuremberg TrialsThe Nuremberg Trials

The chargesThe charges 19 defendants (1 absent)19 defendants (1 absent)

– 2 acquitted (Franz Von Papen, Hans Fritzsche)2 acquitted (Franz Von Papen, Hans Fritzsche)– 12 condemned to death12 condemned to death– They attempted to use the trial as a platform to justify They attempted to use the trial as a platform to justify

their actionstheir actions

4 Counts4 Counts– Conspiracy to commit the crimes listed belowConspiracy to commit the crimes listed below– Crimes against peaceCrimes against peace– War crimesWar crimes– Crimes against humanityCrimes against humanity– You tube PBSYou tube PBS