AP Psychology Curriculum Abnormal Psychology (Unit 14) DRAFT
Unit 13: Abnormal Psychology
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Transcript of Unit 13: Abnormal Psychology
Unit 13: Abnormal Psychology
AP PsychologyMs. Desgrosellier
2010 – 2011
Key Ideas• Defining abnormal
behavior• Causes of abnormal
behavior• Anxiety disorders• Somatoform disorders• Dissociative disorders• Mood disorders• Schizophrenia• Personality disorders• Mental health
practitioners
• History of therapy• Insight therapies –
psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, humanistic
• Behavioral approaches• Cognitive-behavioral
approaches• Biological treatments• Modes of therapy• Community and
preventive approaches
Defining Abnormal Behavior
• Abnormal behavior is:–Statistically rare–Violates cultural norms–Personally interferes with day-to-day living–Legally may cause a person to be unable to know right from wrong (insanity).
Defining Abnormal Behavior
• Currently diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV-TR).–Manual used by mental health
professionals for classifying psychological disorders.–Published by the American
Psychological Association (APA).–New edition DSM V is expected to be
published in 2012.
Causes of Abnormal Behavior
• Unresolved internal conflict in the unconscious mind.–Psychoanalytic
• Maladaptive behaviors learned from inappropriate rewards and punishments.–Behavioral
Causes of Abnormal Behavior
• Conditions of worth imposed by society, which cause lowered self-concept.–Humanistic
• Irrational and faulty thinking.–Cognitive
Causes of Abnormal Behavior
• Neurochemical or hormonal imbalances; abnormal brain structures or genetics.– Biological
Types of Disorders
Anxiety• Examples of disorders:–panic disorder–generalized anxiety disorder–phobias–obsessive-compulsive disorder–post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
Anxiety• Symptoms:• Panic attack:–pain & tightness of muscles in
chest or neck–feeling light-headed or faint–profuse sweating–clammy hands
Somatoform• Examples of disorders:–somatization disorder–conversion disorder–hypochondriasis
Somatoform• Symptoms:–Deal with the body and have no
realistic physical cause
Dissociative• Examples of disorders:–dissociative amnesia–dissociative fugue–dissociative identity disorder
(formally multiple personality disorder)
Dissociative• Symptoms:–sudden loss of memory (amnesia)–change in identity–Freudian explanation:
repression for hurtful situations too painful for the individual to deal with.
Mood• Examples of disorders:–Unipolar (depressive) disorder –bipolar (manic-depressive)
disorder
Mood• Symptoms:–Primary disturbance in affect or
mood that colors the individual’s entire emotional state.–depression symptoms (sadness,
lack of energy/motivation, etc.)–manic symptoms (feeling
indestructible, high energy, etc.)
Schizophrenia• Examples of disorders:• Four major types:–disorganized–catatonic–paranoid–undifferentiated
Schizophrenia• Symptoms:–Psychosis: lack of touch with
reality evidenced by abnormal thinking, emotion, movement, socialization, and/or perception.
Schizophrenia• Symptoms:–Delusions: erroneous beliefs that
are maintained even when compelling evidence to the contrary is presented.–Hallucinations: false sensory
perceptions, e.g. seeing, hearing, or otherwise perceiving something that is not present.
Schizophrenia• Schizophrenic artist Louis Wain
Personality• Examples of disorders:• Three clusters:–Odd/Eccentric: paranoid, schizoid,
schizotypal–Problematic: histrionic,
narcissistic, boderline, antisocial–Chronic fearfulness/avoidant:
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Personality• Symptoms:–Persistent patterns of maladaptive
and inflexible traits in personality
Developmental• Examples of disorders:–Attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)– infantile autism–anorexia nervosa–bulimia nervosa
Developmental• Symptoms:–Disturbances in learning,
language, and motor or social skills showing up in infancy, childhood, or adolescence.
Mental Health Practitioners
• Psychiatrists: medical doctors (M.D.) who can prescribe medication and perform surgery.
• Clinical psychologists: have a doctoral degree (Ph.D. or Psy.D.); use different therapeutic approaches depending on training and diagnosis.–Generally CANNOT prescribe medication.
Mental Health Practitioners
• Counseling psychologists: have a Ph.D., Ed.D., or M.A. in counseling; tend to deal with less severe mental health problems.
• Psychoanalysts: may or may not be psychiatrists, but follow the teaching of Freud and practice psychoanalysis or other psychodynamic therapies.
Mental Health Practitioners
• Clinical or psychiatric social workers: have masters degree in social work (M.S.W.).
Therapies• Approach• Cause – see first table• Goal of treatment• Key terms
Psychoanalytic• Goal: • Help patients gain insight into
their unconscious conflicts.• Does not offer a cure.
Psychoanalytic• Key Terms: • Psychoanalysis• Free Association: Just allowing
patients to talk about random things, then the psychoanalyst interprets.
Psychoanalytic• Key Terms: • Dream interpretation• Transference: putting feelings and
emotions on the therapist.• Catharsis: acting out aggression
and anger to release it.
Behavioral• Goal: • Unlearn maladaptive behavior and
replace it with more adaptive behavior.
Behavioral• Key Terms: • Systematic Desensitization: client
is trained to relax to increasingly fearful stimuli.
• Flooding: exposing client to phobias for extended periods of time without escape.
• Modeling
Behavioral• Key Terms: • Implosive: Flooding, but with
imagination, not real stimuli.• Aversive: Classical conditioning
technique, creating an association between unwanted behavior and negative stimuli (e.g. nausea)
Humanistic• Goal: • To reduce the discrepancy
between the ideal and real self.
Humanistic• Key Terms: • Client-centered therapy: the client
rather than the therapist directs the treatment process.• Existential Therapy: focus on helping
clients find purpose and meaning in their lives, and emphasize individual freedom and responsibility.• Unconditional positive regard
Cognitive• Goal: • Cognitive restructuring by:–changing the thoughts and
replacing irrational with more rational perceptions–Changing negative thinking to
more positive ideas.
Cognitive• Key Terms: • Rational emotive therapy: based on
confronting irrational thoughts.–Change in irrational thinking will
lead to a change in irrational behavior.
• Cognitive triad: Looks at what people think about their Self, their World, and their Future.
Biological• Goal: • Psychoactive drugs attempt to restore
balance:–antianxiety–antidepressant–antipsychotic
• Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ONLY effective for severe depression)
• Psychosurgery (e.g. cutting the corpus callosum to relieve seizures).
Biological• Key Terms: • Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS): using magnets to stimulate parts of the brain.
• ECT: shock therapy
Biological• Key Terms: • Psychosurgery: lesioning or
removing parts of the brain.• Corpus Callosum• Transection: cutting sensory nerves• Prefrontal Lobotomy: formally a
treatment for psychopaths, separates the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain.