Unit 1.2. Opportunities and Pathways

19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC & STATE SCHOOLS

• UNDERSTAND THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE CODIFICATION OF SPORT

• BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN HOW DR THOMAS ARNOLD INFLUENCED THE CODIFICATION OF SPORT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

TASK 11.LIST 4 EFFECTS THAT THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION HAD ON SPORT

ANSWERS1. TRANSPORT LINKS – CREATION OF LEAGUES / COMPETITIONS2. URBANISATION – CREATION OF TEAMS3. LACK OF SPACE – NEED FOR BOUNDARIES / LIMITED NUMBERS4. EDUCATED “MIDDLE CLASS” – RULES WRITTEN AND AGREED5. NEW SKILLS LEARNED – USED IN SPORT, EG. ROWING6. SPECTATORISM – DUE TO LESS PARTICIPATING

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

The Development of Competitive Sport Festivals of Sport

• EXCLUSIVE & ELITIST• UPPER CLASS – RICH BOYS ONLY• BOARDING – STUDENTS LIVED ON SITE• CONDITIONS WERE TOUGH – NEED TO LET OFF

STEAM• LOTS OF TIME SPARE – NEEDED TO BE OCCUPIED IN

PURPOSEFUL WAYS – GAMES • FEES WENT TOWARDS DEVELOPING FACILITIES SUCH

AS GYMNASIUMS & SWIMMING BATHS• EGS. RUGBY, ETON, HARROW, WINCHESTER, ST

PAULS

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

The Development of Competitive Sport Festivals of Sport

• MANY GAMES WERE BROUGHT IN FROM HOME & ADAPTED TO SUIT THE FACILITIES AVAILABLE

• THESE WERE BRUTAL & VIOLENT• MASTERS WERE STRICT & BRUTAL IN THE

CLASSROOM BUT DID NOT CARE FOR GAMES• BULLYING WAS A MAJOR FORCE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS• “INSTITUTIONALISED POPULAR RECREATIONS”

NEED FOR CHANGE

• PUBLIC SCHOOLS UNDERWENT REFORM• DR THOMAS ARNOLD – RUGBY SCHOOL• WANTED TO PRODUCE GOOD CHRISTIAN

GENTLEMEN WITH MORAL VALUES• MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY – THE COMBINATION OF

GODLINESS AND MANLINESS: THE BELIEF IN HAVING A STRONG AND FIT BODY TO MATCH A ROBUST AND HEALTHY SOUL.

The Development of Competitive Sport The rationalisation of sport

RUGBY SCHOOL REFORMS

• DR ARNOLD USED GAMES AS A FORM OF SOCIAL CONTROL

• MORE TRUSTING RELATIONSHIP WITH 6TH FORM – RAISING THEIR POWERS OF DISCIPLINE

• INTRODUCTION OF HOUSE SYSTEM, INTER HOUSE FIXTURES

• MASTERS BECAME MENTORS / GUIDES – LESS STRICT• TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS – BETTER ORGANISED,

MORE REGULARITY

The Development of Competitive Sport The rationalisation of sport

REFORM CONTINUED• ATHLETICISM – COMBINATION OF MORAL INTEGRITY

AND PHYSICAL EFFORT OR PLAYING HARD BUT WITH SPORTSMANSHIP

• MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY DEVELOPED FURTHER – LOSE WITH DIGNITY OR WIN WITH GRACE

• FAIR PLAY & SPORTSMANSHIP BECAME CENTRAL TO PUBLIC SCHOOL SPORT

• RULES WERE READILY ADHERED TO• FACILITIES DEVELOPED FURTHER – “MAGNIFICENT”• DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL “COLOURS”

The Development of Competitive Sport The rationalisation of sport

Roles of team games in

preparing public schoolboys for

leadership

Teamwork/loyalty

to a team

Captains in sport then captain in

industry

Making decisions

Leading by example

Organisational experience

through committees

Testing/developing temperament

Testing/developing courage/bravery

Roles of team games in

preparing public schoolboys for

leadership

Roles of team games in

preparing public schoolboys for

leadership

Teamwork/loyalty

to a team

Captains in sport then captain in

industry

Making decisions

Leading by example

Organisational experience

through committees

Testing/developing temperament

Testing/developing courage/bravery

Roles of team games in

preparing public schoolboys for

leadership

TEAM GAMES IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

TEAM SPORTS IN PARTICULAR WERE BELIEVED TO REFLECT ATHLETICISM, SINCE THEY REQUIRED PARTICIPANTS

TO SHOW A RANGE OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES, SUCH AS ENDEAVOUR (PLAYING HARD),

EFFORT AND STRIVING TO DO ONE'S BEST, AS PART OF A COLLECTIVE EFFORT.

TASK 2

• EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE CODIFICATION OF SPORT.

(6 MARKS)• EXPLAIN THE TERM ATHLETICISM IN 19TH

CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS(3 MARKS)

THE CLARENDON REPORT

• OFSTED OF THE 1800’S• ORDERED BY QUEEN VICTORIA• PUBLIC SCHOOLS WERE CRITICISED AND

FURTHER REFORM SUGGESTED• SPORT BECAME A KEY FOCUS OF MANY OF

THESE REFORMS, EG. ETON & RUGBY

HOMEWORK

• REVISION – PROGRESS TEST NEXT MONDAY 8TH OCTOBER

• WILL COVER SECTION A (HEALTHY, ACTIVE LIFESTYLES) & SECTION B (OPPORTUNITIES & PATHWAYS)