Unit 10: Road to the Civil Unit 10: Road to the Civil WarWar

Lesson 3: SecessionLesson 3: Secession

Remember Bleeding Remember Bleeding Kansas?Kansas?

Violence over Violence over slavery continued slavery continued therethere

Then, in October Then, in October 1859, abolitionist 1859, abolitionist John Brown John Brown brought his fight brought his fight against slavery into against slavery into VirginiaVirginia

John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid

John Brown was John Brown was almost 60 years oldalmost 60 years old

He thought of He thought of himself as himself as an angel an angel acting on God’s acting on God’s behalf by behalf by destroying slaverydestroying slavery Even if it meant he Even if it meant he

had to kill peoplehad to kill people

He’d formed a He’d formed a small army of 18 small army of 18 menmen

On the night of On the night of October 16, 1859, October 16, 1859, they invaded they invaded Harpers Ferry, VA Harpers Ferry, VA (now WV)(now WV)

What did they do there?What did they do there?

They occupied a They occupied a federal federal storehouse for storehouse for weaponsweapons

Then they seized Then they seized a rifle factory a rifle factory & & took several took several hostageshostages

Why?Why?

They wanted to use They wanted to use the guns & rifles the guns & rifles they’d obtained to they’d obtained to arm all enslaved arm all enslaved persons in the area persons in the area and start a slave and start a slave revolt that wouldrevolt that would

result in freedom for result in freedom for all African all African AmericansAmericans

By morning, local By morning, local farmers & militia had farmers & militia had rushed to Harpers Ferry, rushed to Harpers Ferry, fearing a slave rebellionfearing a slave rebellion Brown & his men probably Brown & his men probably

could have escaped, but could have escaped, but Brown refusedBrown refused

He instead tried to He instead tried to negotiate with the militia, negotiate with the militia,

but by then they but by then they had trapped himhad trapped him

Rumors spread in Rumors spread in Washington of a huge Washington of a huge slave rebellionslave rebellion

President Buchanan President Buchanan sent in army troops & a sent in army troops & a company of marines, company of marines, commanded by Colonel commanded by Colonel Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee On the second morning, On the second morning,

the marines, plus a huge the marines, plus a huge crowd, crowd,

surrounded surrounded Brown and Brown and captured himcaptured him

John Brown’s raid John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry on Harpers Ferry had lasted had lasted 36 hours36 hours No local people No local people

joined his causejoined his cause 1010 of his men, of his men,

including 2 of his including 2 of his sons, were killedsons, were killed

Brown’s men had Brown’s men had killed killed 44 civilians, civilians, 11 marine, & marine, & 22 slaves slaves

John Brown’s FateJohn Brown’s Fate

Gov’t authorities Gov’t authorities convicted him of convicted him of treason & murdertreason & murder

He was He was sentenced sentenced to hang on to hang on December 2, 1859December 2, 1859

Effects of John Brown’s RaidEffects of John Brown’s Raid

Some Northerners Some Northerners admired & supported admired & supported his attempts to end his attempts to end slaveryslavery

Southerners’ reactions Southerners’ reactions consisted of consisted of fear, fear, anger, & hatred for anger, & hatred for the Norththe North Many feared the Many feared the

possibility of a slave possibility of a slave rebellion, and were rebellion, and were convinced that the North convinced that the North hoped to produce onehoped to produce one

Brown’s raid even affected the Brown’s raid even affected the Election of 1860Election of 1860

To hurt the To hurt the Republican Republican campaign, campaign, Democrats said the Democrats said the raid was a “Black raid was a “Black Republican” plot, Republican” plot, meaning they were meaning they were

accusing Republican accusing Republican leaders of helping leaders of helping Brown plan the raidBrown plan the raid

This was upsetting This was upsetting to Republicans, to Republicans, many of whom many of whom admired Brown’s admired Brown’s ideals, ideals,

but not his actionsbut not his actions They viewed what They viewed what

he had done as a he had done as a crimecrime

What else did the Republicans What else did the Republicans stand for in the 1860 Election?stand for in the 1860 Election?

They wanted a They wanted a homestead act, a homestead act, a transcontinental transcontinental railroad, and a railroad, and a protective tariffprotective tariff These goals, and thus These goals, and thus

the Republican candidate the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln,

appealed to appealed to farmers, farmers, Westerners, & Westerners, & manufacturersmanufacturers

How did the South feel about How did the South feel about Lincoln & the Republicans?Lincoln & the Republicans?

Many hated LincolnMany hated Lincoln They saw him as an They saw him as an

abolitionist & thought abolitionist & thought he and the Republicanshe and the Republicans

wanted to declare wanted to declare war on the Southwar on the South They feared that if They feared that if

Lincoln became Lincoln became President, they would President, they would lose their voice in the lose their voice in the national gov’tnational gov’t

His name didn’t even His name didn’t even appear on the ballot in appear on the ballot in 10 Southern states10 Southern states

Interesting…Interesting…

Can you think of Can you think of anything that anything that Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln and John F. and John F. Kennedy had in Kennedy had in common???common???

Lincoln was elected Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846to Congress in 1846

Kennedy was elected Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946to Congress in 1946

Lincoln was elected Lincoln was elected President in 1860President in 1860

Kennedy was elected Kennedy was elected President in 1960President in 1960

Both were Both were particularly particularly concerned with concerned with civil rightscivil rights

Both wives lost a Both wives lost a child while living in child while living in the White Housethe White House

Both presidents were Both presidents were shot on a Fridayshot on a Friday

Both presidents were Both presidents were shot in the headshot in the head

Lincoln’s secretary was Lincoln’s secretary was named Kennedynamed Kennedy

Kennedy’s secretary Kennedy’s secretary was named Lincolnwas named Lincoln

Both were assassinated Both were assassinated by Southernersby Southerners

The President that The President that followed each of them followed each of them was a Southerner was a Southerner named Johnsonnamed Johnson

Andrew Johnson, who Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln was succeeded Lincoln was born in 1808born in 1808

Lyndon Johnson, who Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908was born in 1908

John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln, was born in 1839Lincoln, was born in 1839

Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated Kennedy, was born in 1939Kennedy, was born in 1939

Both names are composed of 15 lettersBoth names are composed of 15 letters Both assassins were known by their 3 Both assassins were known by their 3

namesnames

Lincoln was shot in Lincoln was shot in Ford’s TheaterFord’s Theater

Kennedy was shot Kennedy was shot while riding in a Fordwhile riding in a Ford

Lincoln was shot in a Lincoln was shot in a theater, and his theater, and his assassin ran & hid in a assassin ran & hid in a warehousewarehouse

Kennedy was shot from Kennedy was shot from a warehouse, and his a warehouse, and his assassin ran & hid in a assassin ran & hid in a theatertheater

Both assassins Both assassins were were assassinated assassinated before their before their trialstrials

CreepyCreepy

Lincoln, one week before his death, had Lincoln, one week before his death, had a dream of someone crying in the White a dream of someone crying in the White House House

When he found the room, he looked in When he found the room, he looked in and asked who had passed away and asked who had passed away

The man in the room said the PresidentThe man in the room said the President When he looked in the coffin,When he looked in the coffin,

he saw his own he saw his own face face

Election ResultsElection Results

Lincoln won every Lincoln won every free state except NJfree state except NJ This gave him the This gave him the

majority of electoral majority of electoral votesvotes

However, because it However, because it was a 4-way race, was a 4-way race, he received only he received only 40% (less than a 40% (less than a majority) of the majority) of the popular votespopular votes

How did the South react?How did the South react?

The U.S. senators The U.S. senators from SC resigned from SC resigned from Congressfrom Congress

The state legislature The state legislature called a convention called a convention to decide to decide

what steps to take what steps to take in seceding from the in seceding from the UnionUnion

Not all Southerners Not all Southerners were as eager to leave were as eager to leave the Union, thoughthe Union, though

Some thought the Some thought the South could better South could better defend their rights if defend their rights if

they stayed part of they stayed part of the Unionthe Union

As a result, As a result, Maryland, Maryland, Delaware, Delaware, Kentucky, Kentucky, & Missouri & Missouri never left never left the Unionthe Union

Others proposed Others proposed several several amendments to the amendments to the Constitution, which Constitution, which included included guaranteeing the guaranteeing the continuance of continuance of slavery slavery

in the states where in the states where it already existedit already existed

Desire for secession seemed to Desire for secession seemed to spread,spread,

and by February, and by February, 1861, Mississippi, 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas had voted & Texas had voted toto

leaveleave thethe UnionUnion like like South Carolina had South Carolina had 2 months earlier2 months earlier

How was his election a cause How was his election a cause of the Civil War?of the Civil War? Why did the South Why did the South

dislike him?dislike him? They thought he:They thought he:

was an abolitionistwas an abolitionist wanted to declare wanted to declare

war on Southwar on South They feared they:They feared they:

would lose their would lose their voice in national voice in national gov’tgov’t What happened

after he was elected? Southern states

started seceding

On February 4, 1861, On February 4, 1861, delegates met in delegates met in Alabama to form a new Alabama to form a new nation- nation-

the the ConfederateConfederate StatesStates of of AmericaAmerica, , or the or the ConfederacyConfederacy

The line dividing the The line dividing the

North and South North and South was called the was called the MasonMason--DixonDixon Line Line

The Confederacy The Confederacy elected Jefferson elected Jefferson Davis, a former Davis, a former member of member of Congress & the Congress & the cabinet, as cabinet, as presidentpresident This did not This did not

make the make the North happyNorth happy

The Civil War BeginsThe Civil War Begins

The federal gov’t The federal gov’t (now pretty much (now pretty much the gov’t of the the gov’t of the North) still had 2 North) still had 2 forts in the Southforts in the South

One of them, One of them, Fort Fort Sumter, in Sumter, in Charleston, SC, was Charleston, SC, was short on suppliesshort on supplies

The fort’s The fort’s commander sent commander sent word to Lincoln that word to Lincoln that they needed more they needed more soldiers & suppliessoldiers & supplies Lincoln knew that Lincoln knew that

sending soldiers sending soldiers would anger the would anger the South, South,

so he only sent so he only sent the suppliesthe supplies

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861Fort Sumter April 12, 1861

Southerners, though, Southerners, though, viewed Lincoln’s orders viewed Lincoln’s orders to send supply ships as to send supply ships as an act of waran act of war The South had The South had

surrounded the harbor surrounded the harbor with cannons, and when with cannons, and when they heard of the they heard of the approaching Northern approaching Northern ships, ships,

they started to they started to bombard the fortbombard the fort

After 34 hours of After 34 hours of bombardment, but bombardment, but with no lives lost, with no lives lost,

the North the North surrendered surrendered Fort SumterFort Sumter

The South raised The South raised their flag on the fort their flag on the fort

and and fired their fired their weapons in victoryweapons in victory

Almost immediately, Almost immediately, Lincoln began Lincoln began

mobilizing the North mobilizing the North for warfor war

Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages/Disadvantages for Both Armiesfor Both Armies

Northern Northern Advantages:Advantages:

More peopleMore people (about 22 million, total)(about 22 million, total) Under “Southern Under “Southern

Disadvantages” you Disadvantages” you can put: can put:

Fewer peopleFewer people (about 9 million)(about 9 million)

3 million of whom were 3 million of whom were African American, and African American, and most of them weren’t most of them weren’t armed for fear they armed for fear they would revoltwould revolt

Northern Advantage:Northern Advantage:

More industryMore industry ($1.5 billion value)($1.5 billion value)

Southern Southern Disadvantage:Disadvantage:

Less industryLess industry ($155 million value)($155 million value) Couldn’t produce all Couldn’t produce all

equipment they equipment they neededneeded

Northern Advantage:Northern Advantage:

More railroad mileageMore railroad mileage Could rapidly transport Could rapidly transport

soldiers & suppliessoldiers & supplies Southern Southern

Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Less railroad mileage Less railroad mileage

& couldn’t maintain it& couldn’t maintain it

Hurt their defenseHurt their defense

Northern Advantage:Northern Advantage:

More shipsMore ships Southern Southern

Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Fewer shipsFewer ships

Northern Advantage:Northern Advantage:

More firearmsMore firearms Southern Southern

Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Fewer firearmsFewer firearms 32:1 ratio between 32:1 ratio between

North & SouthNorth & South

Northern AdvantageNorthern Advantage

Used the telegraph Used the telegraph for communicationfor communication

15,000 miles of telegraph 15,000 miles of telegraph cable was laid in the North cable was laid in the North purely for military purely for military purposes purposes

Mobile telegraph wagons Mobile telegraph wagons reported and received reported and received communications from just communications from just behind the frontlinebehind the frontline

President Lincoln would President Lincoln would regularly visit the regularly visit the Telegraph Office to get the Telegraph Office to get the latest news latest news

One more Southern One more Southern Disadvantage:Disadvantage:

Less food Less food productionproduction

Southern Advantages:Southern Advantages:

Strong support Strong support from the peoplefrom the people

Only had to wage a Only had to wage a defensive wardefensive war

One Northern One Northern Disadvantage:Disadvantage:

Unfamiliar with the Unfamiliar with the territoryterritory