Unit 10 Fist Aid

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UNIT 10

FIRST AID


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First aid is immediate andtemporary treatment of a

person who has beeninjured or become ill.


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The primary aim of first aid is to save lives

in a critical situation


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Basic rules of first aid to follow are;ensuring the airway is clear,checking and restoring circulation,stopping the bleeding,covering the wound to prevent

infection andobtaining help and preparing totransport.


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REVIVAL METHODS

The revival methods are:1-Heimlich manoeuvre2- Artificial Respiration (Rescue

Breathing)

3-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation


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Heimlich manoeuvre

The Heimlich manoeuvre is thebest known method of removing an object that blocks

the airway of a person.


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To perform the Heimlichmanoeuvere:

Stand behind the victimwrap your arms around his or her waist ,bend the person slightly forward.

make a fist with one handplace it slightly above the person's navel andgrasp your fist with the other handpress hard into the abdomen with an upwardthrustrepeat until the object is expelled from theairway.


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2- Artificial Respiration(Rescue Breathing)

If the victim is not breathing,

artificial respiration must be startedimmediately; otherwise the brainwill be damaged after a few minutesbecause of lack of oxygen.


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Steps for artificial respiration are:Clear the victims airway ,tilt his/her head back (unlesspossible neck injury )Pinch nostrils, seal the mouthStart to blow, watch for chest to

rise and fallRepeat 12-16 times per minute foradults 16-20 times per minute for

children


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3-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is used in heart attack, choking, and drowning. In these situations, the person isunconscious and has stoppedbreathing.


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The goal of CPR is to restorecirculation.


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If you are unable to find apulse in an unconscious person,heart compression is necessary

to restore circulation.


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These compressions must becoordinated with artificialrespiration; the breathing deliversair to the lungs; heartcompression pumps theoxygenated blood to the brain .


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CPR can cause injury to aperson's ribs, liver, lungs, andheart.


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However, these risks must beaccepted if CPR is necessary tosave the person's life.


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Injuries&

Disorders


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Asphyxia or Obstruction of Air Passage

Symptoms: Bluish face andlips, gasping, inability tospeak, unconsciousness.


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Treatment: For asphyxiacaused by gas or fumes,remove victim to a clearatmosphere; use artificialrespiration.


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Try the Heimlich manoeuvre if the victims airway is blocked.


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Bleeding

Treatment: Apply pressure overwound with wad of sterile gauze orother clean material.


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If bleeding continues, elevatewound. If bleeding still continues,apply pressure to blood vesselsleading to area.


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Use a tourniquet only when it hasbeen decided that the sacrifice of alimb is necessary to save life.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/to/tourniqu.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/65/to/tourniqu.html


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Burns

Burns are divided into three degrees: First-degree burns are those in which onlythe outer layer of skin is burned.Second-degree burns are those in which

the first layer of skin has been burnedthrough and the second layer of skin isalso burned.Third-degree burns are the most seriousand involve all layers of skin.


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Treatment: Cold water may be

applied to first and second degreeburns.All burns should be covered with

sterile non-adherent dressings.


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Chemical burns should be washedwith large quantity of water.


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Drowning

Treatment: If the victim is notbreathing, begin artificial respirationat once;if the victim vomits, turn the headto the side to allow drainage andclear the airway of any remaining

particles with your finger, continueartificial respiration.


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Treatment: Prevent movement of injured parts until splint is applied,splint entire limb before moving.


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splint


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For sprains, elevateaffected part and apply coldcompresses.Elastic bandages may be

used for immobilization.


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Hypothermia

Hypothermia results fromthe loss of body heat.


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Immersion in cold wateror exposure to cool aircan lead to hypothermia.


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Symptoms: Shivering, musclestiffness, slurred speech,stumbling and drowsiness


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Treatment: The condition issevere when shivering has

stopped. Unconsciousness andstopped breathing may follow.The goals of first aid are to

prevent further loss of bodyheat and to get medical helpquickly.


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Move the victim to shelter.Remove wet clothing and wrap inwarm covers.Give warm drinks if the victim isconscious.Monitor breathing and pulse.

Give artificial respiration if needed.If there is no pulse give CPR,otherwise continue AR.


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Poisoning

The poison may be solid, liquidor gas.

The poison can be taken inthrough the lungs, swallowed,injected or absorbed through

the skin.


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Symptoms: Nausea, bellyache,diarrhoea, expansion of pupils,abnormal breathing, unconsciousness,convulsions, vomiting, and sweating.


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Treatment: Remove the poisonand prevent the damagingeffects of poisoning.


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Shock

Symptoms: Cold and pale skin,weak pulse, anxiety, nausea,vomiting, faintness.


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Treatment: The best first aidfor shock is proper care for theinjury or illness that caused it.


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Ensure a clear airway and giveartificial respiration if necessary.Keep victim lying down andcovered enough to prevent lossof body heat.


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Victims in shock may improve if the feet are raised 20 30 cm.


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For electric shock , cut off current or separate victim fromcontact with electricity andadminister CPR.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/el/elect-shk.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/65/el/elect-shk.html


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ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1- What is the primary aim of first aid?


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2- What are the revival methods?


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3- What a situation is CPR used for?


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4- What is the basic treatmentfor the choking?


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5- Can you give examples of thesymptoms of poisoning?


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6- On what conditions may

hypothermia occur?


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ETYMOLOGY

Heart < Middle English, herte

Unit 10 Fist Aid

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