Unit 10 Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungi...
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Transcript of Unit 10 Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungi...
Name_________________________________Class_________________Exam Date____________
Unit 10 Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungi
Pathology
• Is defined as the scientific study of the nature of
______________________ and its causes,
processes, development, and
______________________.
• A pathogen is a ______________________
______________________
______________________, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi or parasites.
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
• Free floating ______________________
______________________ inside cell
• Cell body enclosed by ______________________
______________________
• Small, ______________________ organism
• DOES NOT contain specialized membrane bound
______________________ (______________________
nucleus)
• Until recently, bacteria were placed into one Kingdom. As a result,
sometimes bacteria are referred to as Monerans.
Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Eubacteria (______________________ Bacteria)
• Tend to be smaller
• Found throughout the environment
• Can be ______________________
• Classified according to their mode of getting nutrients, mechanism of movement, and
their shape
Archaebacteria (______________________ Bacteria)
• Tend to be larger
• Thought to be ancestors of ______________________, gene sequences are similar.
• Tend to live in extreme environments – sometimes they are called
“______________________”
i. Halophiles – Live in very ___________________ environments; Great Salt Lake
ii. Acidophiles- live in areas of ___________ pH level
(________)
iii. Thermophiles – live in ________ temperatures
Ex: Thermoacidophiles – sulfur hot springs; hydrothermal vents
found deep in the oceans
iv. Methanogens – ___________ live in the presence of
______________; sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs
Diversity of Bacteria: Interaction with Oxygen
• Obligate Aerobes - _________________ oxygen for cellular _________________, need
oxygen to make _________________ _________________ for growing and surviving
• Obligate Anaerobes - must _________________ _________________, they will die in its
presence
• Facultative Anaerobes - can live _________________ or _________________ oxygen
Diversity of Bacteria: Metabolic (_________________ usage)
1. Heterotrophs- get energy by _________________ _________________ compounds made by
other organisms (eat)
o Chemoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from others and from using
_________________”
Ex. Lactobacillus “good” bacteria found in yogurt
o Photoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from others and from using
_________________”
Ex. Cyanobacteria (makes up pioneer lichens)
2. Autotrophs- _________________ their own _________________ from _________________
molecules
o Chemoautotrophs- an organism that _________________ energy for itself using
_________________ material such as _________________ or i_________________
Ex. archaea living in hostile environments such as deep sea vents
o Photoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for itself using ____________
and ____________”
Diversity of Bacteria: Identification and Naming
A. Cocci – sphere Bacilli – rods Spirilla – ________
Prefixes:
i. Diplo – in ________ Draw a diplococci
ii. Staph – in ________ Draw a staphylococci
iii. Strep – in chains Draw a streptobacilli
Diversity of Bacteria: Structural Adaptations to Survive Hostile Environments
• Capsules (______________ layers) - help ______________ immune system and adhere to
surfaces
• Pili – ______________-like projections
• Endospores – dormant, ______________ outer structure for ______________ until
conditions become favorable
• Flagella (Flagellum) - one or more ______________ ______________-like structures
Diversity of Bacteria: Gram Stain Identification
• Stains used to identify bacteria based ______________ ______________-in their cell walls.
• Bacterial species with walls containing ___________ amounts of ___________________ are
Gram-negative and turns ___________.
• Bacteria with walls containing relatively ___________ amounts of ___________________ are
Gram- positive and turns ______________.
Types of Bacterial Reproduction:
Binary Fission-
• One cell splits into two cells (______________)
• Offspring are genetically ______________ to parent
• ______________, fast reproduction time
Conjugation-
• _____________ reproduction with exchange of
_____________ information before dividing
• Offspring have new genes genetically _____________
to parents
• Increase _____________
Friend: Helpful Bacteria
1. Decomposers – _____________ dead
organisms/_____________ to soil
2. Help _____________ food as well as produce vitamins
3. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: transforms
atmospheric _____________ and allows it to be
absorbed by _____________ _____________ for growth
(proteins)
4. Food – helps ferments milk, cheese, yogurt
5. Clean oil spills (purify water)
6. Antibiotics – bacteria fighting bacteria
Foe: Harmful Bacteria
How do bacteria cause disease?
1. By _____________ _____________ the cells
and tissue for food
Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), tooth decay/cavities
2. Releasing _____________ that can move through the body
Ex: Streptococcus- strep throat
Ex: Borelia burgdorferi- Lyme disease
3. _____________ are formed and inhaled, can be fatal
Ex. Bacillus anthracis- _____________; Found in sheep and cattle
Controlling Bacterial Growth
1. Freezing: _____________ growth for most bacteria
2. Refrigeration:
-_____________ _____________ / takes longer to multiply
-Does _____________ kill bacteria
3. Canning/ Jarring:
-Heat & seals out air
-Some _____________ may still survive
4. Cooking:
-_____________ _____________ kills bacteria
5. Drying: no moisture/ dehydrate
6. Salting: if enough salt added will kill bacteria due to placing cells in osmotic _____________
environment
Ex. Preserving food such as beef jerky/ham or high sugar in jams/jelly
7. Sterilization:
-Using _____________ temperatures for long periods -_____________ (High heat and
pressure)
-Chemical action
8. Disinfectant:
-_____________ _____________ ex. alcohols, vinegars
- Used to clean surfaces
Viruses / Virion ----------------- They are NOT alive!!!
1. Living characteristics of viruses:
• They contain _____________ _____________ (DNA or RNA) never both!!
2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses
• They are _____________ / _____________ _____________ (they contain no cytoplasm or
organelles).
• They do not _____________ energy
• ONLY replicate using the _____________ cell's machinery.
• They do not grow and divide. Instead, new viral components (_____________) are
synthesized and assembled within the _____________ host cell.
They are NOT alive!!!
Structure of a Virus
A virus particle, or virion, consists of the following:
1. Nucleic acid - set of _____________
_____________, either DNA or RNA
2. Coat of protein (capsid) - _____________ the
DNA or RNA to protect it
3. Lipid membrane aka envelope- surrounds the protein coat (found only in some viruses such as
influenza/flu virus)
Viral Specificity To Host Cells
Viruses are specific to their hosts.
Virus have _____________ _____________ that can only match to exact
_____________ sites on a host cell like a lock & key
Ex. Rabies virus only attacks brain cells
Ex. HIV only attacks _____________ _____________ in
the immune system
Ex. Influenza only attacks cells of the respiratory track
Bacteriophage
Viruses that infect ONLY _____________.
Have a protein "tail" attached to the capsid (protein coat that envelopes the genetic material),
which is used to infect the host bacteria.
Viruses _____________ reproduce on their own, and must infect a host cell in order to create
more viruses.
Viral Replication
Use their own genetic material and the host cell's
machinery
1. _____________ - surface proteins bind to
host, and release genetic material (RNA or
DNA) into the cytoplasm
2. _____________ - the viral genetic material is
copied
3. _____________ - the genetic material is
used as a blueprint, for the cell to make
messenger RNA which is used to make viral
proteins
4. _____________ _____________ – translation occurs in the cytoplasm (ribosomes), viral
proteins are made
5. _____________ _____________ - the viral genetic material (from replication) is surrounded by
the newly made viral proteins
6. _____________ - viruses emerge from the cell by "budding" from the cell membrane or
bursting out of the cell (this causes the cell's death)
Lytic and Lysogenic Replication Pathways
A. Lytic Pathway:
1. _____________ replication of the virus, ending in cell _____________ (bursting of host).
2. More phages are released to infect other cells.
3. Effects of illness are immediate- within hours/days
B. Lysogenic Pathway:
1. The virus _____________ DNA into host’s DNA becoming a _____________
2. Stays _____________ within the cell and is copied when cells reproduce **no
illness or symptoms for months/years
3. Changes in environment or health of host can _____________ the
_____________ to activate in lytic cycle
HELP me from viruses!
A _____________ can be used to prevent a viral disease.
A vaccine can help your _____________ _____________ become stronger and respond
faster with viral recognition.
Vaccines can prevent the virus from _____________ to a host cell
Antibiotics will _____________ work against viruses.
HIV (causes AIDS)
Transmission (or spread by) bodily _____________ _____________ **not by just touching
No cure/ No vaccine
HIV damages _______________________ in the immune system
Without T cells body cannot fight other infections (bacterium, flu virus) and your body is left
with no immune defense
Other Examples of Viruses
• Common Cold
• Zika
• West Nile
• Herpes
• Ebola
• Polio
• Measles
• Chicken pox
• Oncogenic Virus: virus that can cause cancer (ex. HPV causing cervical cancer)
Kingdom Protists
The Kingdom Protista- Protist characteristics
Eukaryotic – have a __________________, membrane bound _____________
Found in fresh _____________ & ocean water
Most are _____________, some are _____________
Some have_____________and _____________made of cellulose
Most are _______________, some _____________
Protista is the Greek word for “the very _____________”
Classification of Protists
Protists are categorized according to _____________
___________(3 main groups of protists)
Animal- like (_________________)
Plant- like (__________________)
Fungus-like (__________________)
1) Animal-like (heterotrophs)
Animal-like Protists aka _________________
Classified by locomotion (how they move)
a. ________________ – whip-like tail
Ex. Trichonympha – lives in gut of a termite and helps digest wood
Ex. Giardia –-causes diarrhea if you don’t boil or treat water
b. ________________ - Short hair-like projections Ex. Paramecium
c. Pseudopod “false feet”– temporary projections of _______________ for amoeboid
________________
Animal-like Protists that move with pseudopods
(__________________________)
Ex. Amoeba & Entamoeba *causes diarrhea
d. Nonmotile - “________ movement”, do not move
Ex. Plasmodium- Causes the disease Malaria
2) Plant-like Protista (autotrophs)
Contain _________________ and perform _____________
Plant-like Protista produce __________________,
making them one of the most important organisms.
Can be ______________________or
__________________
Examples of Unicellular Plant-like Protists
a) Euglena
b) Golden Algae
c) Diatoms- cell walls of silicon; as an abrasive in
toothpaste
d) Karenia & Gonyaulax- Causes “Red Tide”, produce nerve toxin that kills fish/humans
Examples of Multicellular Plant-like Protists
a) Red Algae
b) Brown Algae
c) Sargassum
d) Kelp
e) Green Algae species ex. Volvox, Spirogyra
3) Fungus-like Protists
Heterotrophs that _____________ _____________from dead or decaying organic matter
(_____________)
Unlike true fungus, they lack cell walls made of __________________
Ex: Slime molds
Ex. Water molds - white fuzz growing on fish in aquariums
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Fungi Characteristics
• Eukaryotes- _____________________
• Heterotrophs- _____________________ make
own _____________________ (_________
photosynthesis)
• _____________________ or Parasites
• BOTH _____________________ (ex. yeast) AND _____________________ (ex. mushroom)
• Cell walls made of _____________________
Role of Fungi in Environment
• Decomposers- convert _____________________ waste into _____________________
usable by plants (____________ __________ dead organisms)
Fungi Structures
• Hyphae - thin filaments that _________________ up the
fungus _________________
• Mycelium - big mass or _________________of
_________________ below ground
• Mushroom - _________________ body or
_________________ structure, usually above ground
Fungi Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
– ____________ exchange of genetic material
– Fruiting body/reproductive structure produces
_________________ that are _________________
by wind, water & animals
• Sexual Reproduction
– _________________of _________________
material
– Increases a population’s _________________
– Increases chances of _________________ & _________________
Classification of Fungi
1. Common Molds: Rhizopus (common bread mold)
- _________________ : root-like hyphae that
_________________the bread’s surface &
_________________ it to the bread
- _________________: stem-like hyphae that run along
the _________________ of _________________
2. Sac Fungi: Reproductive structure resembles a cup
Yeast:
- only _________________ fungi
- Reproduce asexually by _________________
- Thrush: yeast _________________ of the mouth due to _________________ of
_________________
3. Club Fungi
Reproductive structure _________________ a _______________
- Ex. Pigskin poison puffball, stinkhorn, shelf fungus, bird’s nest
fungi, common mushroom, fly agaric (poisonous)
4. Imperfect Fungi
- Do __________ have an observable sexual phase in life
cycle
- Penicillium notatum : _________________ penicillin
(medicine to fight _________________ infections)
- Parasites: Athlete’s foot & ringworm
Symbiotic Relationships
Lichens
• A _________________ between _________________ and a _________________ organism
• Fungus collects water & minerals and _________________ autotrophs
• Algae or cyanobacteria provides
_________________ (performs photosynthesis)
• What type of eukaryotic organism is algae?
- _________________ _________________
• What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
- ____________________________
• Often a _________________ organism
Mycorrhizae
• A relationship between _________________ _________________
and _________________ mycelia
• Roots provide products of photosynthesis, which are…?
– _________________ and _________________
• Fungi _________________ plant _________________ more water, minerals & other
_________________
• Which type of symbiotic relationship? -_________________