Intro to

Chemistry Unit 1, Section 1

Lessons 1-5

Mantras for Success

Two

Marshmallows

Better than Before

Be Present at the

Main Event

study

All grown up

explained Short vs long term

Living By Chemistry

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure,

and Bonding

In this unit you will learn: what matter is composed of

to use the language of chemistry

to decode information contained in

the periodic table

how new substances with new

properties are made

what holds substances together

Section I: Defining Matter

Lesson 1 Tools of the Trade

Lesson 2 A Penny for Your Thoughts

Lesson 3 What’s the Matter?

Lesson 4 Mass Communication

Lesson 5 All That Glitters

by Wed., Sept 14

Lesson 1: Tools of the Trade Lab Equipment and Safety

• recognize common chemistry tools and

equipment that you will be using in the

course

• find all the safety equipment in the

laboratory and understand its use

• understand the rules of safety in the

chemistry laboratory

Discussion Notes

Safety Equipment:

fire blanket

fire extinguisher

eye wash

safety goggles

First aid kit

Aprons/lab coat

Shower

hood

Safety behaviors:

Chemistry labs have a number

of potential hazards!

• Know the procedures

• Use all chemicals properly

• No horseplay

• Keep lab area neat/clean

• Watch hair/clothing around

flames

Do You Know

your

equipment?

Lesson 2: A Penny for Your

Thoughts

Introduction to Chemistry

Key Question

What is chemistry?

You will be able to: observe a procedure and write observations

define and formulate a hypothesis to explain

observed phenomena

define chemistry and begin to describe what chemists study

Long ago, early scientists tried to turn ordinary

things into gold. This pursuit was called alchemy,

and the people who engaged in alchemy were

called alchemists.

What is Chemistry?

The study of substances, their properties, and how they can be transformed.

The study of matter and how matter can be changed.

Let’s Do

CHEMISTRY

A Penny for your Thoughts

Purpose: observe a chemical transformation.

Do you think you changed the penny to gold?

How would you be able to tell for sure?

L2 Discussion Notes To determine whether the new penny is gold,

you need to study its properties.

Property: A characteristic of a substance.

Matter has observable and measurable qualities.

We can use general properties to identify substances.

All substances have properties…

Example:

People can be identified by their …

Face (shape,

expressions) Voice Height Finger prints

Eye color Hair color Teeth DNA

Physical Properties: Characteristic of a substance that

can be observed without changing the substance into something

else.

for example: mass, color, hardness, size, texture, odor

Chemical Properties: characteristics involved when a

substance interacts with another substance to change its

chemical make-up.

for example: pH, flammability, rusting (oxidizing), gassing

Properties are used to identify, describe

and classify matter.

examples of physical properties

commonly used in chemistry:

state, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, viscosity, density, luster and many more.

viscosity - The resistance of a liquid to flowing.

Low viscosity-water, rubbing alcohol

High viscosity-honey

Physical properties of matter are categorized

as either: Intensive or Extensive:

Intensive - Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter present.

color, odor, luster

malleability, ductility, conductivity

Density

Extensive – Properties that change when the size of the sample changes.

• mass, volume, length

• total charge

Chemical properties

A common chemical property is

reactivity. Reactive to oxygen

Reactive to air

Reactive to water…

Note that chemical properties

aren’t EASY to observe,

unlike physical properties.

examples of chemical properties

commonly used in chemistry:

Flammability, corrosivity, oxidation state, and more

oxidation - The loss of electrons.

When a substance is oxidized, it’s properties change

for example –

silver tarnishes

metals rust

Did you know?

Fruit exposed to the air is oxidized (the oxygen steals

electrons from the compounds in the fruit’s cells) and

turns brown.

The process is very similar to the

rusting process of metals. The

oxidized form of these compounds

is different from the unoxidized form

and is, unfortunately, unappealing

to eat.

antioxidants Many 'superfoods' are advertised as containing

antioxidants. An antioxidant is a compound that

reduces the oxidation of other compounds.

In theory, consuming antioxidants will help our bodies

fight off the harmful effects of oxidation, keeping our

cells and enzymes happy and healthy. In other words,

eating things like blueberries and chocolate will

help our insides from looking like

browning fruit.

How do you know if it is a

chemical or physical property?

If it can Change and can’t be reversed, it’s

CHemical

Do you think you changed the penny to gold?

How would you be able to tell for sure?

More discussion Notes in text..

Scientists use a systematic approach to solve

problems in science.

Hypothesis: A testable prediction or explanation

for an observation.

“If I changed the copper into gold, then the penny

will exhibit physical and chemical properties

associated with the element gold.”

Lesson 2 summary: What is chemistry? Chemistry is the study of what substances

are made of, how they behave, and how they can be transformed. It is the study of matter and how matter can be changed.

Matter can be identified by its chemical and physical properties.

A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an observation.

Scientists use a systematic approach to solving problems in science.

Lesson 3: What’s the Matter?

Defining Matter

• define matter

• classify an item as matter or not matter

You will be able to:

Remember?

1. How do we define matter?

2. Name two things that are matter

and two things that are not matter.

Discussion Notes

Items that are clearly matter are all

objects, or things, that are tangible.

Energy and ideas are not matter, but

they involve matter.

Matter has some sort of dimension and substance to it.

A good definition should work 100% of the

time. Here are some textbook definitions of

matter:

Matter: Anything that has substance and takes

up space.

Matter: Anything that has mass and volume.

wind clouds music

Everything that has mass and takes up space

is matter, yet some things do not consist of

matter.

Here is a list of 10 examples of non-matter.

Basically, any type of energy or any abstract

concept is an example of something that is not

matter.

time sound

light color

love thoughts

gravity microwaves

heat memories

information reflections

Why aren’t light and heat

matter? The universe consists of matter and energy. The

Conservation Laws state that the total amount of matter

and energy are constant in a reaction, but matter and

energy may change forms.

Energy describes the ability to cause change. While

matter may have energy, they are different from each

other.

One easy way to tell matter and energy apart is to ask

yourself whether what you observe has mass. If it

doesn't, it's energy!

Examples of energy include any part of the

electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light,

infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, microwaves, radio, and gamma

rays.

Other forms of energy are heat (which may be considered

infrared radiation), sound, potential energy, and kinetic

energy.

Another way to distinguish between matter and energy

is to ask whether something takes up space. Matter

takes up space. You can put it in a container. While

gases, liquids, and solids take up space, light and heat

do not.

Usually matter and energy are found together, so it can

be tricky to distinguish between them. For example, a

flame consists of matter in the form of ionized gases and

particulates and energy in the form of light and heat.

You can observe light and heat, but you can't weigh

them on any scale.

summary

Chemists study all kinds of matter.

Matter is everything that has substance

and takes up space, or that has mass

and volume.

Your brain is an example

of matter, ideas are not.

Lesson 4: Mass

Communication

Mass and Volume

Would it hurt more to be hit with 5 pounds

of feathers or 5 pounds of bricks?

Key concept

How do you determine the masses and volumes of different substances?

• measure mass using a balance

• measure the volume of regularly and

irregularly shaped objects

Skills to master:

Discussion Notes Mass is commonly measured in units of grams

(g) or kilograms (kg).

1 kg = 1000 g

Volume is a measure of the amount of space occupied by something.

1000 mL = 1 L

1 mL = 1 cm3

Mass: A measure of the quantity of matter in an object.

Volume: The amount of space a sample of matter occupies

Prepare for the Lab

To the nearest

hundredth of a

milliliter, the volume

of liquid is 5.52 mL.

In this lab, you will be

measuring volume with a

graduated cylinder or

calculating directly based on

formulas for volume of solids.

If a solid is rectangular or cylindrical, you can find its

volume by measuring its dimensions and using a

geometric formula.

Measuring volume using

displacement method

remember: volume is a

measurement of the amount of

space a substance occupies.

summary

How do you determine the masses and

volumes of substances?

Mass is a measure of the amount of

substance. Mass can be measured using

an electronic or triple beam balance.

Volume is the amount of space occupied

by an object. The volume of a liquid can

be measured in a graduated cylinder.

Objects with similar volumes can have different masses, and vice versa.

post note: Significant digits

Exact measurement

plus one estimate.

Indicates the accuracy of the measuring

instrument.

Determining The Correct Number Of Significant

Digits

After performing a calculation, we often obtain more

digits than are warranted by the measurements that

produced it. In order to determine the correct number of

significant digits in the answer, there are two different

methods depending on which mathematical operation

was performed.

Get chemistry help.

Check-in/review

A penny has a mass of 2.498 g. a. What is the mass to the nearest tenth of a

gram?

b. How would you determine the volume of a penny?

c. What is the difference between mass and volume?

d. Suppose you find that the golden penny has a mass of 2.6 g. If you compare it with the mass of this penny, what can you conclude?

Lesson 5: All That Glitters

Density

Key Question How can you use mass and volume to determine the identity of a substance?

You will be able to: • define density as the amount of mass in a

certain space, or mass per unit volume

• solve problems for density, mass, or volume

using the equation D = m/V

• explain how and why density can be used

to identify a substance.

Discussion Notes

Density is an extensive property of matter.

Material Density

zinc 7.1 g/cm3

paper 0.9 g/cm3

water 1.0 g/mL

aluminum 2.7 g/cm3

gold 19.3 g/cm3

brass 8.4 g/cm3

lead 11.4 g/cm3

Common materials and their densities.

Additional analysis:

de

nsity

• Line of best fit

• determine

unknown

summary

How can you use mass and volume to determine the identity of a substance?

One substance can be distinguished from

another by examining its intensive physical

properties, such as density.

Density is a measure of the mass per unit

volume of a substance.

The density of any given substance is always the

same (as long as the temperature remains constant).

How could you use density to find out

the composition of a penny?

What year did the penny composition

change?

How thick is a piece of aluminum foil?

Check-in In 1999, the United States Mint produced a coin called the Golden Dollar. It features an image of Sacagawea, the famous Native American guide for Lewis and Clark. It has a mass of 9.8 g and volume of 1.1 mL.

Is this coin truly gold?

Explain. (The density of gold

is 19.3 g/mL.)