Unit 1 Review, pages 150–157

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Unit 1: Dynamics U1-10

Unit 1 Review, pages 150–157 Knowledge 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. False. Acceleration always occurs in the same direction as the net force on the object. 13. False. Use the equation 2 2

f i 2v v a d= + ! when you know the change in position and the initial and final speeds, and acceleration is constant. 14. True 15. False. To cross a river as quickly as possible, the velocity of the boat relative to the water should be directed across the river, 16. False. A boat travels with velocity BRv

! with respect to a river. The river moves with velocity

RSv! with respect to the shore. The equation that describes the boat’s velocity with respect to the shore is therefore the sum BR BR RSv v v= +! ! ! . 17. True 18. True 19. False. Static friction resists the motion of an object as long as the applied force is smaller than the upper limit of the force of static friction. 20. False. For an object kept in a circular path, the centripetal acceleration decreases as the square of the period of revolution. 21. True 22. (a) (vi) (b) (viii) (c) (vii) (d) (x) (e) (ix) (f) (i) (g) (iii) (h) (ii) (i) (v) (j) (iv) 23. If the position–time graph of an object is a straight line with negative slope, the average velocity of the object is constant and negative. The object is moving backward at constant speed. 24. If the position–time graph of an object is a straight line with positive slope, the acceleration of the object is zero. The object is moving forward at constant speed.


25. The position of a freely falling object decreases more and more quickly with time. If up is the positive direction, the position–time graph of the object is a section of a downward opening parabola. 26. Given: i f0 m/s; 39.6 m/s; 1.2 sv v t= = Δ = Required: a

Analysis: Use the definition f iv vat−=Δ

to calculate the acceleration a.

Solution: f i

2

39.6 m/s 0 m/s1.2 s

33 m/s

v vat

a

−=Δ

−=

=

Statement: The acceleration of the drag racer is 33 m/s2. 27. The kinematics equations apply only to motion in one dimension at constant acceleration. 28. When solving vector addition problems, the sine and cosine law method involves fewer calculations than the component method if there are only two vectors to sum and if neither is aligned with a canonical direction. If there are three or more vectors to add, the component method is less complicated and has fewer calculations. If there are two vectors, with one aligned in a canonical direction, the two methods are essentially of the same level of complexity. 29. The magnitude of vector displacement in terms of its components is

!!dT = (!dx )2 + (!dy )22 .

30. Average velocity is calculated from displacement, which can be small if the motion involves changes in direction. Average speed is calculated from the total distance travelled ignoring any change in direction. Since the total distance is always at least as great as the magnitude of displacement, the average speed is always as least as great as the magnitude of the average velocity. 31. The projectile motion equation, assuming no horizontal motion, is 21

i 2yd v t g tΔ = Δ − Δ where

iv is the initial velocity. If there is also horizontal motion, the equation becomes 21

1 2y yd v t g tΔ = Δ − Δ where i i sinyv v θ= and θ is the launch angle as measured from the horizontal. 32. The ball returns to the level from which it was kicked. The horizontal range equation is

!dx =

vi2

gsin2" where iv is the initial velocity, θ is the launch angle, g is the acceleration due to

gravity and xdΔ is the horizontal displacement or range. 33. (a) When the crate lands the plane will be directly over the landing site. (b) From the hatch of the plane, an observer sees the crate falling straight down. 34. The ground velocity of the plane is the vector sum of the air velocity of the plane and the wind velocity: PG PA AGv v v= +r r r . 35. The velocity of the train relative to the platform and the velocity of the platform relative to the train are opposite. So the velocity of the train is 72 km/h north.


36. (a) The tension in the cable is T sinF mg θ= . (b) The normal force acting on the car is N cosF mg θ= . (c) As the steepness of the incline is decreased, the angle θ decreases. With the incline more nearly horizontal, the component of gravity down the incline decreases and the tension in the cable decreases. Also, the normal force is more nearly vertical. The incline supports more of the weight of the car and the normal force increases. 37. Inertia is a measure of an object’s resistance to change in its motion. 38. When you push against a heavy object, you feel the object pushing back on you. If you push lightly, you feel a slight pressure back on your hands. The harder you push the more the object pushes back into your palms. This is an action-reaction pair of forces. 39. For the forces on an object to be in a state of equilibrium, the object must not be accelerating. The object can be moving at a constant velocity or be stationary. 40. Given: g air1.0 N [down]; 4.0 N [right]F F= =

r r

Required: TFr

Analysis: The vector sum of the three forces is zero, 0 NFΣ =r

, because the string holds the ball in place. Use 0 NFΣ =

r in components to calculate the components of the tension. Then use

Pythagorean theorem to calculate the magnitude of TFr

. Use right and up as positive. Solution: Determine the components of TF

r:

g air T

T air

T

0 N0 N

4.0 N

x

x x x

x x

x

FF F F

F FF

Σ =+ + =

= −= −

g air T

T g

T

0 N

0 N

1.0 N

y

y y y

y y

y

FF F F

F FF

Σ =

+ + =

= −

= −

Calculate the magnitude of TFr

: 2 2

T T T

2 2

T

( ) ( )

(1.0 N) (4.0 N)

4.1 N

x yF F F

F

= +

= +

=

!

!

Statement: The magnitude of the tension is 4.1 N. 41. A linear actuator is any device that converts energy into a constant force. When you use a car jack, your stored chemical energy is converted into the upward applied force used to raise or hold the car. So a car jack is an example of a linear actuator. 42. Answers may vary. Sample answer: A skier reduces sliding friction of the skis on the snow by the profile of the underside of the ski and the material used on this surface. The skier reduces air resistance with compact posture and slippery clothing. The reduction of these opposing forces allows the skier to accelerate faster and maintain high speeds more easily. So the skier can complete the race more quickly.


43. Answers may vary. Students Venn diagrams should include the distinction that inertial frames of reference have a constant velocity (no acceleration) while non-inertial frames of reference are accelerating and therefore have changing velocity. The laws of inertia hold only in inertial frames of reference. Non-inertial frames of reference experience fictional forces. The intersection on the Venn diagram may contain a definition of a frame of reference, such as, a choice of coordinate system for making measurements. 44. You can observe a fictitious force by watching the movement of an object in a non-inertial frame of reference as it reacts to the acceleration of the frame of reference. Examples include the centrifugal force experienced by an object in a rotating frame of reference.

45. By the equation for centripetal acceleration ac =

v2

r, the centripetal acceleration varies

inversely with distance from the centre of the circular path, r. 46. Answers may vary. Sample answers: A car may be held along a curve by the static friction between the tires and the road, by its own normal force if the curve is banked at an angle tilting the car into the curve, or a combination of the two forces. 47. The speed doubles from 7.5 m/s to 15 m/s. Substitute vnew = 2v in the equation for centripetal acceleration:

ac =vnew

2

r

= 2v( )2

r

ac = 4 v2

r

The centripetal acceleration is four times its original value.

48. To simulate Earth’s gravity, the spacecraft must rotate at a speed such that v2

r = 9.8 m/s2.

Understanding 49. Answers may vary. Sample answers: (a) A car driving backward and slowing down has negative velocity and positive acceleration. (b) A ball that is rolling at constant speed to the left has negative displacement and zero acceleration. (c) Assuming forward is the positive direction, a person walking backward and slowing down has negative displacement and positive acceleration. (d) A ball that has just been thrown up into the air has positive velocity and negative acceleration. 50. (a) Given: 1 21.3 km; 1.3 km; 40.0 mind d tΔ = Δ = − Δ =

r r

Required: dΔr

Analysis: The total displacement for a trip is the vector sum of the displacements for the individual legs of the trip: !

!d = !

!d1 + !

!d2


Solution:

!!d = !

!d1 + !

!d2

= 1.3 km + ("1.3 km)!!d = 0 km

Statement: The total displacement is 0 km. This makes sense since you returned to your starting point. (b) Given: !

!d1 = 1.3 km; !

!d2 = "1.3 km; !t = 40.0 min

Required: avv

Analysis: The average speed is given by avdvt

Δ=Δ

where dΔ is the total distance travelled

during the motion. This distance is the sum of the individual distances, 1 2d d dΔ = Δ +Δ . We will calculate dΔ and then avv . Solution:

1 2

1.3 km 1.3 km2.6 km

d d d

d

Δ = Δ +Δ= +

Δ =

av

2.6 km40 min

dvt

Δ=Δ

= 60 min×

av

1 h3.9 km/hv =

Statement: The average speed is 3.9 km/h. (c) Given: !

!d1 = 1.3 km; !

!d2 = "1.3 km; !t = 40.0 min; !

!d = 0 km

Required: avvr

Analysis: The average velocity is given by !vav =

!!d!t

where !!d is the total displacement. Since,

as seen in part (a), you return to your starting position the total displacement is zero. As a result, the average velocity is zero. Statement: The average velocity is 0 m/s. 51. Answers may vary. Sample answer: (a) The rock on the Moon will experience a lower acceleration due to gravity. Its downward acceleration will be less and it will take a longer time to fall a given distance than it would on Earth. (b) Other than a lower value for g, there is no difference between projectile motion on Earth and projectile motion on the Moon. The vertical motion is accelerated motion and the horizontal motion is uniform motion. 52. Answers may vary. Sample answer: To determine the sum of two vectors

!A and

Br

algebraically, use the fact that vector addition is the addition of arrows in a triangle. Draw the triangle that shows

!C =!A+!B . From the given information about

!A and

!B , determine the angle

θ between the tip of !A and the tail of

!B . Now use the cosine law 2 2 2 2 cosC A B AB θ= + − to

determine the magnitude of !C and sine law to calculate another angle in the triangle. Finally,

determine the direction of !C using the known angles.


53. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

(a) The average velocity is given by !vav =

!!d!t

. Use the displacement information to determine

the displacement from the starting time to the finishing time. Also, note the length of time corresponding to the given data. Use these values of !

!d and tΔ in the formula for

!vav .

(b) The average speed is given by avdvt

Δ=Δ

. To use this formula, you need to know the distance,

dΔ , that the train travels. Assuming the train travels in a straight line, the distance is the magnitude of the displacement. 54. (a) The force of gravity is toward Earth while the velocity is in the direction the moon is heading: the tangent to the circular orbit. The two vectors are perpendicular. (b) The force of gravity causes acceleration at a right angle to the moon’s velocity. This acceleration constantly deflects the moon’s velocity toward the Earth, resulting in a circular path.

55. (a) !dy = v1 sin" !t # 1

2g!t2

(b) !dy = " 1

2g!t2

(c) !dy = " 1

2g!t2

56. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The required vector addition triangle is given by

!vBG = !vBW + !vWG . The velocity of the boat with respect to the water is the side of the triangle that crosses the river perpendicularly. The velocity of the water with respect to the ground is parallel to the shore. The velocity of the boat with respect to the ground is the hypotenuse of the right angle. 57. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Draw the vector addition triangle

!vPE = !vPA + !vAE . The velocity of the plane, with respect to the air, is directed north. The velocity of the air with respect to the ground points E 28° S. The third side of this scalene triangle is the velocity of the plane with respect to the ground. It points mostly north and somewhat east. You can solve for the ground velocity of the plane using the component method or the algebraic method of vector addition. 58. (a) Given: angle of inclination θ = 15° Required: FBD Analysis: There are four forces acting on the box: force of gravity (down), normal force of plane (perpendicular to the plane), applied force (up the plane), and friction (down the plane). Since the acceleration is up along the plane, use this as the positive x-direction. Use up and perpendicular to the plane as the positive y-direction.


Solution:

(b) By Newton’s second law, the net force acts in the direction of the acceleration. The net force acts up along the plane. 59. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Make a system diagram of the situation showing all of the forces acting on the object. Draw a FBD for the object, with the tail of each of the force vectors starting at the point that represents the object. If you know the magnitude of a force or that it balances another force, you may try to draw its arrow to scale. Label each force with its name and, if possible, magnitude. Select an axis system where one direction is parallel to the motion or, if the net force is zero, to some of the important forces. Calculate the components of the net force by summing the components of the individual forces: 1 2 3 ...x x x xF F F FΣ = + + + and

1 2 3 ...y y y yF F F FΣ = + + + . Finally determine the net force from its components using the

Pythagorean theorem and tangent ratio: !!F = (!Fx )2 + (!Fy )2 and 1tan y

x

FF

θ − Σ⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟Σ⎝ ⎠

.

60. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: The motion of the piano depends on the net force acting on it. When the piano is at rest, Newton’s first law states that the net force must be zero. By Newton’s second law, at some time there must be a net upward force if the piano is starting to move up. There are many possible pulley and cable systems for lifting a piano so we can’t specify the details of the net force here. At the very least there will be one or several vertical cables. The sum of their tensions must balance the weight of the piano when it is at rest or moving at constant speed, and be greater than the weight of the piano when it accelerates up. There are probably other cables that are directed down from the piano and to the sides. These are used to prevent the piano from swinging as it is lifted. The horizontal components of these tensions cancel while the vertical components will cause an increase in the tension of the lifting cables to more than just the weight of the piano. 61. Kinetic friction occurs between two surfaces when one surface slides over the other surface. Static friction occurs between two surfaces when the surfaces grip each other and have no relative motion. 62. When the elevator accelerates upward, the normal force increases, resulting in a greater apparent weight. 63. (a) To an observer on the bus, the book appears to be moving due to a force that pushes it in the opposite direction of the direction of the bus. However, it is the acceleration of the frame of reference (the bus) that causes the motion, so the apparent force on the book is fictitious. (b) If the book does not move, then from Earth’s reference frame, it accelerated into the right turn. The cause of this acceleration is the force of static friction preventing the book from sliding in the direction of the bus before the turn. 64. Centripetal acceleration maintains a constant speed with an ever-changing velocity as an object travels in a circular path. Acceleration along the direction of motion creates an ever-changing speed but maintains a constant direction (assuming positive acceleration).


65. Answers may vary. Sample answers: Centripetal forces fix satellites in their orbits (gravity), move cars around corners (static friction), and keep metal balls in the hammer throw from flying away from Olympic athletes (tension). 66. (c), (a), (d), (b) The distance from the centre of the planet to the spacecraft, r, must increase because the acceleration caused the velocity, v, to increase. Since the centripetal force due gravity is constant,

these two values vary with each other according to the equation for centripetal force: Fc =

mv2

r

67. (a) The rotating spacecraft is a non-inertial frame of reference. Astronauts in the spacecraft experience a centrifugal force pushing them toward the outer wall. This fictitious force acts as an artificial gravity. (b) To use the spacecraft to simulate Earth’s gravity, choose the speed of rotation, v, such that

v2

r = 9.8 m/s2, where r is the distance from the centre of rotation.

Analysis and Application 68. (a) Given: position–time graph Required: d!

!

Analysis: Read the initial and final positions from the graph. Use f id d d! = "! ! !

to calculate the total displacement with west as the positive direction. Solution: The initial point on the graph is (0 s, 0 m). The final point is (10 s, 220 m). The displacement is

f i

220 m 0 m

220 m

d d d

d

! = "= "

! =

! ! !

!

Statement: The total displacement of the car is 220 m [W]. (b) Given: position–time graph; !

!d = 220 m [W]

Required: !vav

Analysis: Use !vav =

!!d!t

to calculate the average velocity.

Solution:

!vav =!!d!t

= 220 m [W]10 s

!vav = 22 m/s [W]

Statement: The average velocity of the car is 22 m/s [W].


69. (a) Given: velocity–time graph Required: time t when

!vav =!vinst

Analysis: The average velocity is given by !vav =

!!d!t

. To determine the displacement we need to

calculate the area under the velocity–time graph. We will then calculate the average velocity and use the graph to find the time with this instantaneous velocity. An alternate method to determine the average velocity may be used in this question because the truck’s motion involves constant acceleration. Only under very special circumstances is the average velocity the same as the average of the initial and final velocities—constant acceleration

is one such situation. So !vav =

!vi +!vf

2 is valid here. We will verify that both methods yield the

same result. Solution: Calculate the area under the velocity–time graph: Calculate the average velocity:

base height2

(10 s)(20 m/s)2

100 m

d ×Δ =

=

=

!vav =!!d!t

= 100 m [W]10 s

!vav = 10 m/s [W]

Calculate the average of the velocities:

!vav =!vi +!vf

2

= 20 m/s [W]+ 0 m/s2

!vav = 10 m/s [W]

As expected, both methods give the same value for average velocity. Look at the velocity–time graph and determine when the instantaneous velocity is 10 m/s. This occurs at 5 st = , which is the half-time point only because of the constant acceleration. Statement: The average velocity matches the instantaneous acceleration at 5 s. (b) Given: velocity–time graph Required:

!a Analysis: The velocity–time graph is straight showing constant acceleration. The acceleration is

the slope of this line, vat

Δ=Δ

. Use west as the positive direction.


Solution: Two points on the line are (0 s, 20 m/s) and (10 s, 0 m/s). Calculate the slope,

a = !v!t

= 0 m/s" 20 m/s10 s" 0 s

a = "2 m/s2

!a = 2 m/s2

Statement: The magnitude of the acceleration is 2 m/s2. 70. Given: vi = 0 m/s; ∆t = 25 s; ∆d = 7.8 × 102 m

Required: !a

Analysis: We know the initial speed, the time interval and the distance covered. The appropriate formula for acceleration is 21

i 2d v t a tΔ = Δ + Δ . Since vi is 0, the equation can be rearranged to

a = 2!d

!t2 .

Solution:

a = 2!d!t2

= 2(780 m)(25 s)2

a = 2.5 m/s2

Statement: The magnitude of the race car’s acceleration is 2.5 m/s2. 71. Given: 2

i 0 m/s; 4.8 m/s ; 10.0 mv a d= = Δ = Required: fv Analysis: We know the initial speed, the acceleration and the distance. The appropriate formula for the final speed is 2 2

f i 2v v a d= + Δ . Solution:

2 2f i

2f

f

2

2(4.8 m/s )(10.0 m)9.8 m/s

v v a d

vv

= + Δ

==

Statement: The sprinter’s final speed is 9.8 m/s. 72. Given:

!vi = 50.0 m/s [down]; !a = 12.5 m/s2 [up]; !vf = 10.0 m/s [down] Required: tΔ


Analysis: We know both the initial and final velocities, and the acceleration. The appropriate

formula for the time interval is vat

Δ=Δ

. Use up as the positive direction.

a = !v!t

!t = !va

Solution:

!t = !va

= ("10.0 m/s)" ("50.0 m/s)12.5 m/s 2

!t = 3.2 s

Statement: The acceleration occurs over 3.2 s. 73. Given: ∆t = 0.5 s; ∆dy = 1.225 m at maximum Required: iv Analysis: The ball’s speed is zero when it is at its maximum height. Use 21

1 2y yd v t g tΔ = Δ − Δ to determine the ball’s initial speed.

!dy = v1y!t " 12 g!t2

v1y =!dy + 1

2 g!t2

!t

Solution:

v1y =!dy + 1

2 g!t2

!t

= 1.225 m + (4.9 m/s 2 )(0.5 s)2

0.5 sv1y = 4.9 m/s

Statement: The student threw the ball vertically with initial speed of 4.9 m/s. 74. Given: !

!d = 125 m [E 60.0° N]

Required: !dx ; !dy

Analysis: The components of the vector !!d are given by

!dx = !

!d cos" and

!dy = !

!d sin" .

Use east and north as positive. Solution:

!dx = !!d cos"

= (125 m)cos60.0°!dx = 62.5 m

!dy = !!d sin"

= (125 m)sin60.0°!dy = 108 m

Statement: The components of the student’s displacement are 62.5 m [E] and 108 m [N].


75. (a) Given: !!d1 = 125 km [E]; !

!d2 = 85.0 km [E 45.0° N]; !

!d3 = 94.0 km [S]; !t = 6.75 h

Required: !!d

Analysis: Calculate the components of the total displacement by adding the components of the three displacement vectors, 1 2 3x x x xd d d dΔ = Δ +Δ +Δ and 1 2 3y y y yd d d dΔ = Δ + Δ + Δ . Then

combine these components using !!d = !dx

2 + !dy2 and

! = tan"1#!dy

#!dx

$

%&&

'

())

to calculate !!d . Use

east and north as positive. Solution: Determine the components of the total displacement.

!dx = !d1x + !d2x + !d3x

= (125 m)+ (85.0 km)cos45.0° + (0 km)!dx = 185.10 m (two extra digits carried)

!dy = !d1y + !d2 y + !d3y

= (0 km)+ (85.0 km)sin45.0° + ("94.0 km)!dy = "33.896 km (two extra digits carried)

Determine the total displacement.

!!d = !dx

2 + !dy2

= (185.10 km)2 + (33.896 km)2

= 188.18 km (two extra digits carried)

!!d = 188 km

! = tan"1#!dy

#!dx

$

%&&

'

())

= tan"1 33.896 km185.10 km

$

%&

'

()

! = 10.4°

Statement: The total displacement is 188 km [E 10.4° S]. (b) Given: !

!d = 188.18 km [E 10.4° S]; !t = 6.75 h

Required: !vav

Analysis: Use the definition !vav =

!!d!t

with the answer from part (a).

Solution:

!vav =!!d!t

= 188.18 km [E 10.4° S]6.75 h

!vav = 27.9 km/h [E 10.4° S]

Statement: The average velocity of the sailboat is 27.9 km/h [E 10.4° S]. (c) Given: 1 2 3125 km [E]; 85.0 km [E 45.0 N]; 94.0 km [S]; 6.75 hd d d tΔ = Δ = ° Δ = Δ =

r r r

Required: avv

Analysis: The average speed is calculated from the total distance travelled using avdvt

Δ=Δ

. The

total distance is the sum of the distances of the individual legs of the trip, 1 2 3d d d dΔ = Δ +Δ +Δ . We will calculate the total distance and then the average speed.


1 2 3

125 km 85.0 km 94.0 km304.0 km

d d d d

d

Δ = Δ +Δ +Δ= + +

Δ =

av

av

304.0 km6.75 h

45.0 km/h

dvt

v

Δ=Δ

=

=

Statement: The average speed of the sailboat is 45.0 km/h. 76. Given:

!vi = 65 m/s [S]; !vf = 75 m/s [E]; !t = 15 s Required:

!aav Analysis: We know the initial and final velocities and the time interval. The appropriate formula

to calculate the acceleration is !aav =

!!v!t

. We will use vector subtraction by components to

determine the change in velocity !!v . Use east and north as positive.

Solution: The components of vΔr are

f i

75 m/s 0 m/s75 m/s

x x x

x

v v v

v

Δ = −= −

Δ =

f i

0 m/s ( 65 m/s)65 m/s

y y y

y

v v v

v

Δ = −

= − −Δ =

The change in velocity is

!!v = !vx2 + !vy

2

= (75 m/s)2 + (65 m/s)2

!!v = 99.25 m/s (two extra digits carried)

! = tan"1#!vy

#!vx

$

%&&

'

())

= tan"1 65 m/s75 m/s

$

%&

'

()

! = 41°

The average acceleration is

!aav =!!v!t

= 99.25 m/s [E 41° N]15 s

!aav = 6.6 m/s2 [E 41° N]

Statement: The average acceleration of the airplane is 6.6 m/s2 [E 41° N]. 77. (a) Given:

!dy = 98 m [down]; viy = 0 m/s; vx = 2.9 × 102 m/s [E]

Required: tΔ Analysis: We know the displacement and the initial velocity for the vertical motion of a

projectile. The appropriate formula for the time taken is !dy = v1y!t " 1

2g!t2 . Use up and east as

positive.


!dy = v1y!t " 12

g!t2

!t ="2!dy

g

Solution:

!t ="2!dy

g

= 2(98 m)9.8 m/s2

= 4.472 s (two extra digits carried)!t = 4.5 s

Statement: It takes the projectile 4.5 s to land. (b) Given:

!dy = 98 m [down]; viy = 0 m/s; vx = 2.9 " 102 m/s [E]; !t = 4.472 s

Required: xdΔ Analysis: The horizontal velocity of the projectile is constant and we calculated the time to fall in part (a). Use x xd v tΔ = Δ to find the horizontal distance, or range, travelled by the projectile. Solution:

!dx = vx!t

= 290 ms

"#$

%&'

(4.472 s )

= 1296 m!dx = 1.3 km

Statement: The range of the projectile is 1.3 km. 78. (a) Given:

!dy = 98 m [down]; !vi = 2.9"102 m/s [S 24° up]

Required: tΔ Analysis: We know the displacement and can calculate the initial vertical velocity for the

projectile. The appropriate formula for the time taken is !dy = v1y!t " 1

2g!t2 . We will need to

use the quadratic formula 2 42

b b acta

− ± −Δ = to solve the resulting equation for tΔ . Use up

and south as positive.


Solution: The equation for tΔ is

!dy = v1y!t " 12

g!t2

"98 m = (290 m/s)sin24°!t " (4.9 m/s2 )!t2

(4.9 m/s2 )!t2 " (117.95 m/s)!t " 98 m = 0

Solve for tΔ .

!t = "b± b2 " 4ac2a

=(117.95 m/s) ± (117.95 m/s)2 " 4(4.9 m/s2 )("98 m)

2(4.9 m/s2 )= 24.88 s (two extra digits carried)

!t = 25 s

Statement: The projectile lands after 25 s. (b) Given:

!dy = 98 m [down]; !vi = 2.9"102 m/s [S 24° up]; !t = 24.88 s

Required: xdΔ Analysis: The horizontal velocity of the projectile is constant and we calculated the time to fall in part (a). Use x xd v tΔ = Δ to find the horizontal distance, or range, travelled by the projectile. Solution: The horizontal component of velocity is The range of the projectile is

vx = (2.9!102 m/s)cos24°vx = 264.93 m/s

(264.93 m/s)(24.88 s)6591 m6.6 km

x x

x

d v t

d

Δ = Δ==

Δ =

Statement: The range of the projectile is 6.6 km. (c) Given: 2

i98 m [down]; 2.9 10 m/s [S 45 up]yd vΔ = = × °r Required: xdΔ Analysis: We will repeat the calculations of parts (a) and (b) with the revised launch angle. First we will determine the time for the projectile to land. Then we will calculate its range. Solution: The equation for tΔ is

211 2

2 2

2 2

98 m (290 m/s)sin 45 (4.9 m/s )(4.9 m/s ) (205.06 m/s) 98 m 0

y yd v t g t

t tt t

Δ = Δ − Δ

− = °Δ − ΔΔ − Δ − =


Solve for tΔ . 2

2 2

2

42

(205.06 m/s) (205.06 m/s) 4(4.9 m/s )( 98 m)2(4.9 m/s )

42.32 s (two extra digits kept)42 s

b b acta

t

− ± −Δ =

± − −=

=Δ =

The horizontal component of velocity is The range of the projectile is (290 m/s)cos 45205.06 m/s

x

x

vv

= °=

!dx = vx!t

= (205.06 m/s)(42.32 s)= 8678 m

!dx = 8.7 km

Statement: With a launch angle of 45°, the range of the projectile is 8.7 km. (d) Answers may vary. Sample answer: The range equation for a projectile landing at the same

height as it was launched is 2i sin 2

xvdg

θΔ = . This range has its maximum possible value when

the launch angle is 45°. We will use this formula to determine the horizontal distance off the cliff where the projectile is once again level with the cliff.

2i

2

2

sin 2

(290 m/s) sin 909.8 m/s

8.6 km

x

x

vdg

d

θΔ =

°=

Δ =

This range is just 100 m short of the full range. Most of the trajectory of the projectile is described by the simpler range formula. This suggests that the same optimization conditions should apply, at least approximately, to the real projectile—that is the maximum range occurs at a launch angle of 45°. 79. (a) Given:

!vPA = 800.0 km/h [E]; !vAG = 75.0 km/h [W 30.0° S] Required:

!vPG Analysis: The ground velocity of the plane is the vector sum of its air velocity and the wine velocity,

!vPG = !vPA + !vAG . Use vector addition by components to determine PGvr . Use east and

north as positive. Solution: The components of the ground velocity are

PG PA AG

PG

800.0 km/h ( 75.0 km/h)cos30.0735.1 km/h

x x x

x

v v v

v

= += + − °=

PG PA AG

PG

0 km/h ( 75.0 km/h)sin 30.037.5 km/h

y y y

y

v v v

v

= +

= + − °= −


The ground velocity is

2 2PG PG PG

2 2

PG

( ) ( )

(735.1 m/s) (37.5 m/s)736 km/h

x yv v v

v

= +

= +

=

r

r

! = tan"1vPGy

vPGx

#

$%%

&

'((

= tan"1 37.5 m/s735.1 m/s

#

$%

&

'(

! = 2.92°

Statement: The ground velocity of the plane is 736 km/h [E 2.92° S]. (b) Given:

!vPG = 736 km / h [E 2.92° S]; vPGy = !37.5 km/h; "t = 3.0 h

Required: ydΔ Analysis: The plane is flying mostly east with a small component of its velocity to the south. Over the 3.0 h, the plane will drift south with at this velocity. The distance is given by

PGy yd v tΔ = Δ . Continue to use east and north as positive. Solution:

!dy = vPGy!t

= "37.5 kmh

#$%

&'(

(3.0 h)

!dy = "112 km

Statement: The plane is displaced 112 km south of its due east course. 80. Given: vCW = 5.0 m/s; !vWE = 3.0 m/s [S]; !d1 = 4.0 km [N]; !d2 = 5.0 km [S] Required: tΔ Analysis: The canoe trip has two segments. For each segment, use

!vCE =!vCW + !vWE to determine

the speed of the canoe with respect to the Earth. Then use the constant speed relation d v tΔ = Δ to determine the time taken for each segment of the trip. Finally use 1 2t t tΔ = Δ +Δ to calculate the total time taken. Use south as the positive direction. Solution: Upstream segment of the trip:

CE CW WE

CE

( 5.0 m/s) 3.0 m/s2.0 m/s

v v v

v

= += − += −

!d1 = vCE!t1

!t1 =!d1

vCE

= "4000 m"2.0 m /s

!t1 = 2000 s


Downstream segment of the trip: CE CW WE

CE

5.0 m/s 3.0 m/s8.0 m/s

v v v

v

= += +=

!d2 = vCE!t2

!t2 =!d2

vCE

= 5000 m8.0 m /s

!t2 = 625 s

Calculate the total time of the trip:

!t = !t1 + !t2

= 2000 s+ 625 s

= 2625 s " 1 min60 s

" 1 h60 min

!t = 0.73 h

Statement: It takes the student 2.6 × 103 s to complete the trip, or 0.73 h. 81. (a) Given:

! = 25°;

!Fg = 6.8 × 103 N

Required: FBD for the car Analysis: There are three forces to draw on the FBD of the car: the force of gravity (down), the normal force (perpendicular to the plane) and the applied force (up the plane). Use up the plane as the positive x-direction and perpendicular to the plane as the positive y-direction. Solution:

(b) Given:

! = 25°;

!Fg = 6.8 × 103 N

Required: minimum magnitude of aF!

to pull the car up the plane Analysis: For the car to move up the plane, the net force on the car must act up the plane or be zero. Use 0 NxF! " to determine the minimum applied force. Solution:

a g

3a

3a

0 Nsin 0 N

(6.8 10 N)sin 25

2.9 10 N

xFF F

FF

!" #

$ #

# % °

# %

Statement: The applied force must be 2.9 × 103 N or greater to pull the car up the plane.


82. Given: Fa space = 1.2 × 103 N; a = 2.4 m/s2 Required: a EarthF Analysis: From the given applied force and acceleration, we can determine the mass of the space probe using F maΣ = . With the mass and the acceleration, we can find the applied force needed on Earth, again using F maΣ = . Solution: In space On Earth

a space

3

2

1.2 10 N2.4 m/s

500 kg

F maF ma

m

m

Σ ==

×=

=

a Earth

a Earth2 2

3a Earth

( )

(500 kg)(2.4 m/s 9.8 m/s )6.1 10 N

F maF mg ma

F m a g

F

Σ =− =

= +

= += ×

Statement: The force needed to accelerate the probe on Earth is 6.1 × 103 N. 83. Given: mA = 57 kg; mB = 75 kg;

!FA on B = 135 N [forward]

Required: A B; a a Analysis: By Newton’s third law, the skaters push each other with an action-reaction pair of forces of magnitude 135 N. When skater A pushes forward on B, skater B pushes back on A. Each skater accelerates according to Newton’s second law, !

!F = m!a . Use forward as the

positive direction. Solution: Skater B Skater A

A on B B B

A on BB

B

2B

135 N75 kg1.8 m/s

F m aFam

a

=

=

=

=

B on A A A

B on AA

A

2B

135 N57 kg2.4 m/s

F m aFam

a

=

=

−=

= −

Statement: The less massive skater has an acceleration of 2.4 m/s2, while the more massive has an acceleration of 1.8 m/s2. 84. (a) Given: m1 = 4.26 × 102 kg; !1 = 18.0°; !2 = 33.0°; "

!F = 0 N

Required: TF Analysis: Draw a FBD for crate 1 showing the force of gravity (down), the normal force (perpendicular to the plane) and the force of tension (up the plane). Align the axes down along and perpendicular to the plane. The system is in equilibrium so we can determine the force of tension using 0 NxFΣ = .


Solution: Equilibrium for crate 1

!Fx = 0 N

m1g sin"1 # FT = 0 N

FT = m1g sin"1

= (426 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )sin18.0°= 1290 N (two extra digits carried)

FT = 1.29$103 N Statement: The tension in the cable is 1.29 × 103 N. (b) Given: m1 = 4.26 × 102 kg; !1 = 18.0°; !2 = 33.0°; "

!F = 0 N; FT = 1290 N

Required: 2m Analysis: Draw a FBD for crate 2 showing the force of gravity (down), the normal force (perpendicular to the plane) and the force of tension (up the plane). Align the axes up along and perpendicular to the plane. The system is in equilibrium so we can determine the mass for crate 2 using 0 NxFΣ = . Solution: Equilibrium for crate 2

!Fx = 0 NFT " m2g sin#2 = 0 N

m2 =FT

g sin#2

= 1290 N(9.8 m/s2 )sin33.0°

m2 = 2.42$102 kg


Statement: To keep the system in equilibrium the mass of the second crate must be 2.42 × 102 kg. (c) Given: m1 = 4.26 × 102 kg; !1 = 18.0°; m2 = 1.95"102 kg; !2 = 33.0° Required: a Analysis: The mass of crate 2 is less than that required for equilibrium. So the system will accelerate to the left and the tension in the cable will change from that found in part (a). Use

x xF maΣ = for each crate to find two equations relating the acceleration and the tension. Then solve these equations for the acceleration of the system. Solution: Equation for crate 1: Equation for crate 2:

!Fx = max

m1g sin"1 # FT = m1a

(426 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )sin18.0°# FT = m1a

1290 N # FT = m1a

!Fx = max

FT " m2g sin#2 = m2a

FT " (195 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )sin33.0° = m2a FT "1041 N = m2a

Add the two equations to eliminate the cable tension. Solve for the acceleration.

m1a + m2a = 1290 N !1041 N

a = 249 N621 kg

a = 0.401 m/s2

Statement: The magnitude of the acceleration of the system is 0.401 m/s2. 85. (a) Given: m = 2.65!102 kg; angle of ramp " = 30.0°; µs = 0.45;

angle of applied force ! = 39.0° Required: minimum Fa to overcome static friction Analysis: Draw a FBD of the box showing the following forces: the force of gravity (down), the normal force of ramp (up perpendicular to ramp), the force of static friction (down ramp) and the applied force (up 39.0φ = ° from ramp). Use axes aligned with and perpendicular to the ramp. For the minimum possible applied force, the force will just overcome the force of static friction. So we know that all the force balance. We will use !

!F = 0 N in the x- and the y-directions to

relate the four forces and solve for the magnitude of the applied force. Solution:

Equation for y-direction Equation for x-direction

!Fy = 0 N

Fay + FN " mg cos# = 0 N

FN = mg cos# " Fay

!Fx = 0 NFax " mg sin# " Fs = 0 N

Fax = mg sin# + µsFN


Substitute the first equation into the second equation and solve for the magnitude of the applied force.

Fax = mg sin! + µsFN

Fax = mg sin! + µs (mg cos! " Fay )

Fa cos# = mg sin! + µs (mg cos! " Fa sin#)

Fa =mg(sin! + µs cos! )

cos# + µs sin#

= (2.65$102 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )(sin30.0° + 0.45cos30.0°)cos39.0° + 0.45sin39.0°

= 2109 N (two extra digits carried)

Fa = 2.1$103 N

Statement: The minimum applied force to slide the box is 2.1 × 103 N. (b) Given: 2

a2.65 10 kg; angle of ramp 30.0 ; 0 Nm Fθ= × = ° =r

Required: minimum Sµ for system to be in static equilibrium Analysis: The breaking value for static friction is given by S S NF Fµ= . The static friction acts up

along the ramp to hold the box in place. Use 0 NFΣ =r

in the x- and the y-directions to relate the three forces and solve for the coefficient of static friction. Solution: Equation for y-direction Equation for x-direction

N

N

0 N

cos 0 Ncos

yFF mg

F mgθ

θ

Σ =

− ==

!Fx = 0 N

FS " mg sin# = 0 N

µSFN = mg sin#

µS =mg sin#mg cos#

= tan30.0°µS = 0.577

Statement: The minimum value for the coefficient of static friction is 0.577. 86. Given: ∆t = 3.4 s; vf = 7.4 m/s; m = 56 kg Required: FN Analysis: Determine the upward acceleration using vf = a∆t. Use up as positive and solve for the normal force when +FN + (–mg) = ma.


Solution: Determine the upward acceleration:

vf = a! t

a =vf

! t

=7.4 m/s

3.4 s= 2.176 m/s2 (two extra digits carried)

a = 2.2 m/s2

Determine the apparent weight:

+FN + !mg( ) = maFN = ma + mg

= 56 kg( ) 2.176 m/s2( ) + 56 kg( ) 9.8 m/s2( )FN = 6.7 "102 N

Statement: The passenger’s apparent weight is 6.7 × 102 N. 87. Given: r = 6.378 × 106 m; ac = g Required: T

Analysis:

ac =4! 2rT 2

g = 4! 2rT 2

T = 4! 2rg

Solution:

T = 4! 2rg

= 4! 2 6.378"106 m( )9.8 m

s2

#$%

&'(

= 5068 s " 1 min60 s

" 1 h60 min

T = 1.408 h

Statement: The period of rotation would have to become 1.408 h. 88. Given: r = 1.4 m; ac = g

Required: minimum v

Analysis: ac =

v2

r; In order to complete the loop, the centripetal force must be at least equal to

the gravitational acceleration.


ac =v2

r

g = v2

rv = gr

Solution:

v = gr

= 9.8 m/s2( ) 6.53 m( )v = 8.0 m/s

Statement: The skateboarder’s speed must be at least 8.0 m/s. 89. (a) The centripetal acceleration is equal to 90.0 % of gravity on Earth’s surface:

ac = 0.900g= 0.900 9.8 m/s2( )

ac = 8.8 m/s2

The centripetal acceleration is 8.8 m/s2. (b) Given: r = 57 m; ac = 0.900g Required: T

Analysis:

ac =4! 2rT 2

T = 4! 2rac

Solution:

T = 4! 2rac

= 4! 2 57 m( )0.900 9.8 m/s2( )

T = 16 s

Statement: The period of rotation is 16 s. 90. (a) Given: f = 22.5 Hz; r = 51.5 cm or 0.515 m; m = 0.656 kg Required: v Analysis: v = 2πrf Solution:

v = 2!rf= 2! 0.515 m( ) 22.5 Hz( )

v = 72.8 m/s

Statement: The speed of the mass is 72.8 m/s.


(b) Given: f = 22.5 Hz; r = 51.5 cm or 0.515 m; m = 0.656 kg Required: Fc Analysis: Fc = 4! 2mrf 2

Solution:

FT = 4! 2mrf 2

= 4! 2 0.656 kg( ) 0.515 m( ) 22.5 Hz( )2

FT = 6.75"103 N

Statement: The magnitude of the centripetal force is 6.75 × 103 N. 91. Given: r = 15.2 m; ac = 40g Required: v Analysis:

Fc = 40Fg

mv2

r= 40mg

v2

r= 40g

v = 40gr

Solution:

v = 40gr

= 40 9.8 m/s2( ) 15.2 m( )v = 77 m/s

Statement: The speed of the centrifuge is 77 m/s. 92. (a) Given: r = 10.0 m Required: v

Analysis: ac =

v2

r; The minimum speed is when the centripetal acceleration equals g.

ac = gv2

r= g

v = gr

Solution:

v = gr

= 9.8 m/s2( ) 10.0 m( )v = 9.90 m/s

Statement: The minimum speed of the roller coaster on a clothoid loop is 9.90 m/s. (b) Given: d = 40.0 m or r = 20.0 m Required: v Analysis: The minimum speed is when the centripetal acceleration equals g.

ac = gv2

r= g

v = gr


Solution:

v = gr

= 9.8 m/s2( ) 20.0 m( )v = 14.0 m/s

Statement: The minimum speed of the roller coaster on a circular loop is 14.0 m/s. (c) A clothoid loop have a smaller radius of curvature than a circular loop of the same height. The smaller r-value means that the roller coaster can travel at slower speeds and still pass through the loops. Evaluation 93. Answers may vary. Sample answers: I would write a computer program to perform vector addition of N vectors. The underlying method is that of vector addition by components. Step 1: The user specifies whether the vectors are given in components (if so, proceed to step 2). If not, for each vector, transform the direction angle to standard mathematical form as measured counter-clockwise from the x-axis. Then compute the x- and y-components of the vector using

cossin

x

y

v vv v

!!

==

With the angles in standard form, the signs of the components are correct automatically. Step 2: Sum all of the x-components to determine the x-component of the final vector. Sum all of the y-components to determine the y-component of the final vector. Step 3: Convert the components of the final vector to magnitude and an angle using

2 2x yv v v= +! and 1tan y

x

vv

! "# $% &=% &' (

Step 4: Interpret the resulting angle using the CAST rules from mathematics to give the direction of the final vector. 94. (a) Given: 2

av 6.37 m/s ; 35.0 m/s; 45a v != = " = ° Required: minimum t! without slipping Analysis: The car is travelling on an arc of a circle at constant speed. To relate the car’s maximum acceleration to a time interval we need to determine the change in velocity vector. The triangle for f iv v v= +Δr r r has two sides of length 35.0 m/s separated by 45°. Use the cosine law 2 2 2 2 cosC A B AB θ= + − to find the magnitude of vΔr . Then use the definition of average

acceleration avvat

Δ=Δ

rr to calculate the required time interval.

a = !v!t

!t = !va


Solution: Solve the triangle of

!vf =!vi + !!v for !

!v = !v :

C 2 = A2 + B2 ! 2ABcos"#v2 = v2 + v2 ! 2v2 cos"

#v = 2(35.0 m/s)2(1! cos45°)#v = 26.79 m/s (two extra digits carried)

The maximum acceleration on the curve corresponds to the minimum time interval. Find the time interval.

!t = !va

= 26.79 m/s6.37 m/s 2

= 4.206 s (two extra digits carried)!t = 4.2 s

Statement: The minimum time for the driver to follow the curve without slipping is 4.2 s. (b) Given: 4.206 s for 45tΔ = ° Required: time to complete whole circle, T Analysis: The arc of road from part (a) corresponds to one eighth of a complete circle. Multiply the time interval tΔ to determine the time required to complete the whole circle. Solution:

T = 8!t= 8(4.206 s)= 33.65 s (two extra digits carried)

T = 34 s

Statement: It would take the car 34 s to complete the circle without slipping. (c) Given: 35.0 m/s; 33.65 sv T= = Required: radius of circle, R Analysis: The car moves at constant speed in a circle. Use d v tΔ = Δ to calculate the circumference of the circle. Then use 2C Rπ= to determine the radius. Solution:

!d = v!t

C = (35.0 ms

)(33.65 s )

C = 1178 m (two extra digits carried)

2

21178 m

2190 m

C RCR

R

π

π

π

=

=

=

=

Statement: The radius of the circular track is 190 m.


95. Answers may vary. Sample answer: A building as a whole is subject to a variety of forces. The walls of the building are subject to the varying forces of the wind. The structure of the building is subject to the weight of the objects and people in the building. The foundation of the building is subject to the upward normal force of the ground beneath holding it up; so, the designers need to know if they are building on bedrock or bog. In addition, individual parts of the building are subject to forces exerted by other parts of the building. For example, the roof structure needs to support the elevator mechanism. The following FBD represents the building as a whole.

96. (a) Given: mtot = 2.0 × 106 kg; Fa = 2.5 × 107 N Required: a Analysis: Two forces act on the space shuttle, the force of gravity and the applied force of the rockets. Use F maΣ = to determine the acceleration. Use up as positive.

!F = maFa " mg = ma

a =Fa

m" g

Solution:

a =Fa

m! g

= 2.5"107 N2.0"106 kg

! 9.8 m/s2

a = 2.7 m/s2

Statement: The shuttle accelerates at 2.7 m/s2. (b) Given: vi = 0 m/s; a = 2.7 m/s2; !t = 5.0 s Required: fv Analysis: The appropriate formula is f iv v a t= + Δ . Continue to use up as positive. Solution:

vf = vi + a!t

= 2.7 ms 2

"#$

%&'

(5.0 s)

= 13.5 ms

"#$

%&'( 1 km

1000 m( 3600 s

1 hvf = 49 km/h

Statement: The speed of the shuttle after 5.0 s is 49 km/h.


(c) Given: vi = 0 m/s; a = 2.7 m/s2; !t = 15 s Required: fv Analysis: The appropriate formula is f iv v a t= + Δ . Continue to use up as positive. Solution:

vf = vi + a!t

= 2.7 ms 2

"#$

%&'

(15 s)

= 40.5 ms

"#$

%&'( 1 km

1000 m( 3600 s

1 hvf = 150 km/h

Statement: The speed of the shuttle after 15 s is 150 km/h. 97. Answers may vary. Sample answer: (a) I will discuss the fundamentals of driving using Newton’s laws. Newton’s first law says that the car will stay at rest or continue moving at a constant speed when all of the forces balance each other. I see this when I have to maintain a constant pressure on the accelerator (forward force of static friction) to counter air resistance in order to maintain a constant speed. When I park on a hill, I need to use the parking brake and leave the car in gear to provide enough friction to balance the force of gravity down hill. Newton’s second law states that my acceleration is determined by the net force on the car. I certainly see this as I accelerate from rest or when I brake. I also see this as I drive up or down a hill. If I don’t adjust the amount of gas, I either slow down or speed up respectively. A similar situation happens if there is a strong headwind or tailwind. Newton’s third law discusses action–reaction pairs of forces. I am able to drive forward because my tires push back on the road and the road pushes the car forward. This is really obvious if I accelerate from rest on a gravel surface—sometimes gravel kicks out behind the car. Braking is another situation where there is an action–reaction pair of forces. Slowing my tires increases the force of static friction in a forward direction, causing the vehicle to accelerate backward. (b) Now I have a much better understanding of how my gasoline consumption is governed by my driving habits and by the design of my car. The amount of gasoline needed to produce the applied force that pushes the car depends on the acceleration I demand or the highway speed I choose. I have driven in a hybrid car watching the engine switch from battery to gas going uphill and from gas to battery going downhill. I also saw how wind conditions affect the gas/battery balance. This made me realize the importance of air or wind resistance when designing a vehicle. 98. Solutions may vary. Sample solution: (a) Given: Fg = 2.5 × 103 N; ∆d = 22 m Required: FW Analysis: Looking at the lower pulley, there are four ropes supporting the weight of crate. This is the same factor of four that we are given between the length of rope the worker has to pull (88 m) and the height increase of crate (22 m). Assume the crate is lifted at constant velocity. Use 0 NyFΣ = , with up as positive, to find the force the worker exerts on the rope.


Solution:

!Fy = 0 N

4FW " Fg = 0 N

FW =Fg

4

= 2.5#103 N4

FW = 620 N

Statement: The worker exerts a force of 620 N on the rope. (b) The worker pulls on the rope that is wrapped around massless frictionless pulleys. So the force of the worker and the tension in the rope are the same. The tension in the rope is 620 N. 99. (a) Given: K 0.02; 122 kg; 30.0mµ != = = ° Required: a Analysis: There are three forces acting on the box: the force of gravity (down), the normal force of the plane (up perpendicular to the plane) and the force of kinetic friction (up along the plane). Use F ma! =

! ! , in components, to relate the forces and solve for the acceleration. Use down the plane and up perpendicular to the plane as positive. Solution: Determine the magnitude of the normal force:

!Fy = 0 NFN " mg cos# = 0 N

FN = mg cos#= (122 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )cos30.0°

FN = 1035 N (two extra digits carried)

Determine the acceleration:

!Fx = ma

mg sin" # FK = ma

a =mg sin" # µK FN

m

= (122 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )sin30.0°# 0.02(1035 N)122 kg

a = 4.7 m/s2

Statement: With the BAM coating, the box slides down the ramp at 4.7 m/s2. (b) Given: 122 kg; 30.0m != = ° Required: a Analysis: There are two forces acting on the box: the force of gravity (down) and the normal force of the plane (up perpendicular to the plane). Use xF maΣ = to solve for the acceleration. Use down the plane as positive.


Solution: Equation in the x-direction

!Fx = ma

mg sin" = maa = g sin"a = 4.9 m/s2

Statement: With no kinetic friction, the acceleration of the box is 4.9 m/s2. The acceleration with the BAM coating is only about 4 % less than that with a truly frictionless surface. 100. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The best situation for a true inertial frame of reference is empty space so far from any other object that there are no outside gravitational forces on objects in the frame of reference. In a true inertial frame of reference, objects would follow Newton’s laws of motion perfectly and all motion would be explained by real forces acting on the objects. 101. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

102. Answers may vary. Sample answer: In this unit, I learned that slowing a car is just acceleration in the direction opposite to the velocity. Also, when an object accelerates in a specific direction, that does not mean the velocity will be in the same direction. It is possible for displacement, velocity, and acceleration to all be in different directions. For example, suppose an object with an initial velocity directed north accelerates southwest until it is directly west of its starting point. Its acceleration is southwest, its displacement is west, and its final velocity is directed somewhere between the other two vectors. 103. Answers may vary. Students should discuss what they learned about force and motion. For most objects, students will recognize that the force of gravity and the equal-and-opposite normal force balance each other to keep an object from moving. Students should recognize that when an object is dragged at a constant speed, the force of kinetic friction balances the equal-and-opposite applied force. 104. Answers may vary. Students should discuss how examining the frame of reference is important to understanding projectile motion. For example, a ball thrown forward from a moving vehicle travels farther than a ball thrown backward with the same force because the velocity of the vehicle contributes to the initial velocity of the ball. In terms of space exploration, relative motion is important for determining the shortest or most efficient path between two objects, which reduces travel time. For example, you must not aim a probe at a planet, but where the planet will be by the time the probe reaches the planet’s orbit. Also, a probe will have a slower approach to a planet if the two objects are moving in the same direction than if they are heading toward each other.


105. Answers may vary. Students may discuss the applications of a linear actuator (which converts energy into linear motion), research into reducing friction for skiers, or the circular motion in a centrifuge. 106. Answers may vary. In the previous grade, students studied kinematics and forces. In this unit, they expanded on their prior learning by studying acceleration and velocity in two dimensions and circular motion. Research 107. Answers may vary. Students’ answers should address the forces (and other physics concepts) used in a selection of skateboarding maneuvers. For example, during an Ollie, or jump with the board, the skateboarder accelerates upward by jumping. The rider simultaneously pushes the rear of the board into the ground causing it to bounce up. Then, using static friction, the rider guides the board up more while it is in contact with his or her front foot. The deck is covered with grip tape, which increases the friction over a plain wood board. The frontside 180 and 360 flip are similar, but the force on the board is increased and direction is added to rotate or twist the board. The upturn of the deck at the rear of the skateboard is a design feature that allows riders to tilt the board at a greater angle to improve the height of an Ollie or other trick. 108. Answers may vary. Students’ presentations should focus on the importance of acceleration in drag racing because the displacement is so short. To increase acceleration, a driver or engineer can increase the total force forward and decrease the mass of the vehicle. The force forward can be a combination of an applied force, for example, a rocket engine with rear exhaust that applies an equal-and-opposite force forward, and the static friction between the tires and the ground. Choosing tires that increase the coefficient of static friction contributes to the increase in the forward acceleration. Another method of increasing the force of static friction is to increase the normal force by adding mass, however, this limits the acceleration due to the applied force. In recent years, aerodynamics has also been applied to reduce air resistance. 109. Answers may vary. Students’ presentation should discuss the physical characteristics of BAM as well as its advantages. BAM is a super-hard synthetic ceramic that can coat other materials in a microscopic layer. Its coefficient of kinetic friction is only 0.02. Coating mechanical parts with BAM reduces the friction that causes wear and tear. This also increases the efficiency of machinery by reducing the loss of thermal energy due to friction. Students may include a cost-benefit analysis of coating machinery parts with BAM. 110. Pop bottle rockets can be made by forcing air into a plastic water bottle that contains water already. Methods of forcing air include using an air compressor or a bicycle pump. The bottles are then inverted and opened to release the water and air downward. Pop rockets apply Newton’s third law of motion by creating such a massive downward force pressure that they are propelled upward. 111. Elizabeth MacGill, born in Vancouver in 1905, was the first female aircraft designer. She was the Chief Aeronautical Engineer at a Canadian manufacturer and improved aircraft designs to allow for higher altitude take-offs and flights, and operation during colder conditions (de-icing). After World War II, she worked on establishing the Air Worthiness regulations for commercial aircraft, which dictated the minimum requirements for passenger planes. She also wrote extensively on women’s rights, discussing her mother, British Columbia’s first woman judge. 112. (a) Oscar Pistorius holds several gold medals for sprints at the Paralympics Games and has personal bests for the 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m, all within a couple seconds of the world records for all athletes.


(b) Some people dispute Oscar Pistorius’s records on the grounds that his artificial legs are more effective for running than a human leg can be. (c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: As prosthetic technology improves, artificial limbs may allow for faster, higher, and stronger performances by athletes with the prosthetics than those without. (d) Answers may vary. Students should articulate and defend an opinion on the topic of allowing people with artificial limbs to compete against those without. Students may address the difficulty of perfectly matching the ability of an artificial limb with the structure of the human leg, and therefore, the difficulty in attempting to regulate allowable prosthetics.


Unit 1 Self-Quiz, pages 148–149 1. (b) 2. (c)

3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. True

18. False. The variables in the kinematics equation !!d = !vi ! t + 1

2!a ! t( )2

are !vi , !a , and ∆t.

19. False. The magnitude of the average velocity is always less than or equal to the average speed in two dimensions. 20. True 21. True 22. False. According to Newton’s third law, the action force occurs at the same time as the opposite reaction force. 23. True 24. False. For the apparent weight of a passenger in an elevator to equal zero, the elevator must accelerate downward at 9.8 m/s2. 25. True 26. True


Unit 1: Unit Task, page 147 Analyze and Evaluate (a) Answers may vary. Sample answer: I used the principles of inertia and Newton’s laws. (b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: I built a model out of parts and ran a ball down as a test. I noted that the ball flew off the model at certain points, so I modified the model until the ball did not fly off. (c) Answers may vary. Students’ should provide analysis of the forces at work in their project. For example, as a test ball rolls through the model, it gains speed due to gravity, rotates due to friction, and goes around curves due to centripetal acceleration that comes from the normal force. Students should also include any measurements on projectile motion if their model includes it. (d) Answers may vary. Sample answer: I had to build walls at certain points to keep the object on my ramp. I also had to increase the radius of curvature of certain turns. As I changed the design, I was able to remove some safety measures. A full-scale version would need similar measures, but the real measures might need to be stronger. (e) Answers may vary. Sample answer: I decreased the angle of inclination at the beginning of my model because the high speeds caused marbles to fly off near the first turn. I also increased the radius of a curved path to keep the marbles on the track. Straight sections and large curves in my model worked well. Tight curves and sudden drops did not work well and needed changing. (f) Answers may vary. Sample answer: I could not figure out how to make the object go faster without flying off the model. I changed one part of the model at a time until I could get each segment to work as I wanted. (g) Answers may vary. Sample answer: My final design did not reach the high speeds that I wanted. If I did it again, I might start with a computer model instead of a model made from real parts. I would change my design to have fewer bumps and sharp turns. Apply and Extend (h) Answers may vary. Sample answer: I could reduce the impact by building the device from renewable materials instead of plastic.

Unit 1 Review, pages 150–157

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Transcript of Unit 1 Review, pages 150–157