Unit 1 – Levels of Organization
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Transcript of Unit 1 – Levels of Organization
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Unit 1 – Levels of Organization
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://paramedicine.wikispaces.com/Anatomic+Position
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Anatomy vs Physiology• Anatomy - branch of science that
deals with structure of body parts – their forms and how they are organized
• Physiology – concerns the functions of body parts – what they do and how they do it.
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Characteristics of Life• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration• Digestion• Absorption • Circulation• Assimilation
(change of substances into a chemically different form)
• Excretion
All of these work together to make your metabolism!
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Maintenance of Life• All organisms need basic
essentials!
WATER – needed to transport fluids and substances throughout your body & to regulate body temperature.
FOOD – source of energy.
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OXYGEN – used to release energy from food.
HEAT – related to metabolism. Direct relationship.
PRESSURE – pressure of gravity on body is called atmospheric pressure.
- pressure of water on body is called hydrostatic pressure.
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Homeostasis• Maintaining a stable internal
condition with water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure.
• A homeostatic mechanism is the way that the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems.
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Examples of Homeostasis Mechanisms
• Body Temperature• Problem: Drops below • Solution: Shiver
• Problem: Rises above• Solution: Sweat
• Blood Pressure• Problem: High Blood Pressure• Solution: Heart beats less often
• Problem: Low Blood Pressure• Solution: Heart beats more often
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Levels of OrganizationAtoms
MoleculesMacromolecules
OrganellesCells
TissueOrgan
Organ SystemOrganism
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Organization of the Human Body
• Two Main Body Portions:• Axial portion • Appendicular portion
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CITATION: Adam.com. 2001. Retrieved: July 2010 from : http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html#append
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• Three cavity regions in the axial portion:1. Dorsal Cavity:
• Cranial Cavity – skull & brain• Spinal Cavity – spinal cord & vertebrate
2. Ventral Cavity:• Thoracic Cavity – heart & lungs• Abdominopelvic Cavity –
• Upper Abdominopelvic Cavity – stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine
• Lower Pelvic Cavity – large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
3. Other Cavities:• Oral Cavity – teeth & tongue• Nasal Cavity – nostrils & sinuses• Orbital Cavity – eyes• Middle Ear Cavity – middle ear bones
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CITATION: Retrieved: July 2010 from: http://www.physioweb.org/direction/body_cavities.html
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• Mediastinum – a region that separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments.
• Diaphragm – a structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
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Membranes1. Thoracic Membranes
A. Pleural Membranes – membranes that surround the lungs
1. Parietal pleural membrane – membrane that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & forms a lining
Pleural cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes.
2. Visceral pleural membrane – membrane that covers the organ
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B. Pericardial Membranes - membranes that surround the heart
1. Parietal pericardium membrane – outer most lining around the heart
Pericardial cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes.
2. Visceral pericardium membrane – inner most lining around the heart
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2. Abdominopelvic MembraneA. Peritoneal Membranes – membranes that surrounds organs in the abdomen
1. Parietal peritoneum membrane – outer most lining around the organs
Peritoneal cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes.
2. Visceral peritoneum membrane – inner most lining around the organs
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Organ SystemsOrgan System Definition/
FunctionOrgans
Integumentary Body covering; aides in regulating body temperature & in sensory
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Skeletal Support bones, ligaments, cartilage
Muscular Movement muscles
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Organ System Definition/Function
Organs
Nervous Adjust body for homeostasis; detects changes in body or that occurs around body
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Endocrine Adjust body for homeostasis; hormones – produced by glands to effect a target tissue. Hormones will alter the metabolism of the target tissue. Will occur for a relatively long period.
pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, thymus, ovary, testes, pineal
Respiratory Processing & transporting intake & output of air for exchange if gases between blood & air
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, brochi, lungs
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Organ System Definition/Function
Organs
Digestive Processing & transporting nutrients, oxygen, and wastes; breaks down food into smaller molecules to get energy
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small, intestine, large intestine
Circulatory Processing & transporting blood
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
Lymphatic Processing & transporting; transport tissue fluid from tissue back to blood stream & carries fatty substances away from digestive organs; also aids in defending your body against infections
lymphatic vessels, lymphatic fluids, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen
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Organ System Definition/Function
Organs
Urinary Processing & transporting; maintaining body’s water, electrolyte, & acid/base balance
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Reproductive Reproduction Male- scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis, urethra
Female – ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
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Anatomical PositionsAnatomical position is standing
upright, face forward, arms at side, palms forward.
CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.healthyintentions.com.au/page/fitness.html
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Superior vs. Inferior• Superior is above a body part or
close to the head.• Inferior is below a body part or
close to the feet
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Anterior vs. Posterior• Anterior – front• Posterior - back
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Medial vs. Lateral• Medial – imaginary midline that
divides the body into right and left halves
• Lateral - sides
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Proximal vs. Distal• Proximal – a body part that is
closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body than another part
• Distal – a boy part that is farther to a point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body than another part
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Superficial vs. Deep• Superficial – near the surface• Deep – describes where the
internal organ are
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CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.nikonianthailand.com/forum/show.php?Category=webboard&No=6752
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Body Sections• Sagittal – diving the body into right
and left portions• Transverse – dividing the body into
a top and bottom portion (also called horizontal)
• Frontal – dividing the body into a front and back portion (also called coronal)
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CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%201%20Review/Ch01%20Gen%20Terms%20and%20Gen%20Anat%20Terms.htm
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Body Regions• Epigastric Region – upper region
where stomach is• Umbilical Region – middle portion;
intestines behind belly button• Hypogastric Region – lower region
of the intestine
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CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.learn-free-medical-transcription.blogspot.com/2008/12/lesson-12-abdominopelvic-regions.html