Unit 1

Learning about languageLearning about language

Discovering Discovering useful wods and useful wods and expressionsexpressions

1. Fill in the table below.

Noun Adjective

ambitious

absent

suitability

benefit

annoyance

ambition

absence

suitable

beneficial

annoyed/annoying

Noun Adjective

clumsiness

firmness

noise

psychology

encouragingencouragement

psychological

noisy

firm

clumsy

Answer key for Exercise 2:

1. lap 2. annoyed

3. dictation 4. entry

5. microscope 6. outgoing

7. fellow 8. conduct

Answer key for Exercise 3:

in many ways, sit around, made

fun of, adapt to, out of breath, All

in all, cutting out, In other words

Sample dialogue:

S1: All in all Xie Li’s confidence has

grown. In other words she is more

outgoing.

S2: In many ways she is becoming more

active and happier.

S3: She’s not so often out of breath after

training. She has adopted to it well.

Exercise 4:

Discovering Discovering useful structure useful structure – The infinitive– The infinitive

Marty says…

2. I have learned to adapt to my disability.

3. I used to climb trees and swim and play football.

4. Then I started to get weaker and weaker.

1.The doctors don’t know …so they don’t know how to make me well.

Marty says…

5. Even after all the tests, no one couldgive my disease a name, so it is difficultto know what the future will be like.

6. Sometimes, I am too weak to go to school.

7.My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up.

8. Last year I invented…and a big company has decided to buy it from me.

Marty says…

9. I have a lot of study to do as well, especially after I have been sick for a while.

10. I have had to work hard to live a normal life, but it has been worth it.

11. If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids, it would be this:…

12. Just accept them for who they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.

介词

(1).They pretended not to see us.

(2). He pretended to be sleeping.

(3).She pretended to have known it before.

( 一般式表示与谓语的动作同时 / 几乎同时 / 发生在它之后 .)

( 进行式表示在谓语动词发生的同时 , 不定式的动作也正在进行 )

( 完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 )

(4).We’re happy to have been working with you.

( 完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前 , 不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续 )

.壹 结构 : to do;( 否定 ) not to do

二 . 时态与语态 主动语态 被动语态

一般式

进行式

完成式

完成进行式

不定式 to do to be done

to be doing

to have done

to have been done to have

been doing

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1. 作主语2. 作宾语3. 作宾语补足语4. 作定语5. 作状语6. 作表语7. 作独立成分8. 与疑问词等连用

Exercises

1. It's nice ____you ____me two tickets for the football match.

A. of, to give B. for, to give

C. of, give D. for, giving

2. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good____________.

A. to be breathed B. to breathe

C. breathing D. being breathed

• 不定式作主语

3. The students expected there ＿ more reviewing classes before the final exams.

A. is B. to be C. being D. have been 4. I meant ______ you, but I was so busy.

A. to call on B. calling on

C. to call at D. calling at

• 不定式作宾语

5. Ocean Park is a theme park, whose purpose

is ______ visitors about the oceans.

A. teach B. teaching C. to teach D. taught

6. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the

old couple, but it remains __whether they will

enjoy it.

A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen

• 不定式作表语

7. I’m free today. Do you have some clothes___? A. washed B. to wash

C. to be washed D. washing

8. There are five pairs of shoes for you to ____. A. choose B. be chosen C. choose from D. being chosen

9. --The last one _______pays the meal.

---Agreed!

A. arrived B. arrives

C. to arrive D. arriving

• 不定式作定语

10. John was made ____the truck for a week as a punishment.

A. to wash B. washing

C. wash D. to be washing

11. With so much homework _____, I won't have time to go to see the film tonight.

A. to do B. doing C. done D. to be done

• 不定式作宾补语

12. ＿ time and labour, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.

A. To save B. Saved C. Saving D. Having saved

13. He hurried to the station,__the 9:30 train had already left.

A. finding B. found C. only to find D. only finding

14. In order to improve English ， ____________ ． A ． Jenny's father bought her a lot of tapes

B ． Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself

C ． a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny

D ． a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny's father

• 不定式作状语

15. Last summer I took a course on____.

A. how to make dresses

B. how dresses be made

C. how to be made dresses

D. how dresses to be made

16. On my way back to the hotel last night, I lost my way in the darkness and,_____things worse, it began to pour.

A.making B.to make C.made D.having made

• 疑问词 + 不定式作主、宾、表语

• 独立成分（固定短语）

Ⅰ. 不定式作主语 (subject)

•To keep smiling is healthy for you.

1.单个不定式作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数。

2.若不定式太长 , 往往用 it作形式主语 , 不定式后置 , 即“ It is adj. （ for/of） sb. to do…”，其中介词 for/of的确定看 adj.能否形容人的特征。

The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.

主语＋ be +adj. +to do

能用于此句型的形容词有 : difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome( 使人疲劳的 ), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.

主动形式表被动意义的不定式

agree, afford, appear, ask, attempt ；care, choose, claim ；dare,decide,demand,deserve,determine ；expect, fail, get, guarantee ；hate, hesitate, hope, hurry ；intend, learn, manage, offer,plan, prepare, pretend, promise ；refuse, seem, tend, threaten ；want, wish 等 + to do 。

常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：Ⅱ. 不定式作宾语 (object)

有些动词后既可以跟 to do作宾语也可跟 doing作宾语，但表达的意义不同

已做 / 未做： remember doing/to do; forget doing/ to do 一件 / 两件事： go on doing/ to do; stop doing/ to do 意义完全不同： mean doing/ to do( 意味着 / 打算 ); try doing/ to do （试一试 / 试图） 有无宾语： allow doing/ allow sb. to do; advise doing/ advise sb. to do

Yao Ming likes to play basketball.I find it still necessary (for him) to _________ if he wants to win.

句型： think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do

practise hard

My job to protect the world.Your task is to _____________.

is

Ⅲ. 不定式作表语 (predicative)

1. 不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain 等后作表语。

2. 如果主语是以aim ， duty ， hope ， idea ， happiness ，job ， plan ， problem ， thing ， wish 等为中心的名词，或以 what 引导的名词性从句，常用不定式作表语。

3. 如果主语部分有个表示不定式内容的 do, 用作表语的不定式可省略 to 。

All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly.

Ⅴ. 不定式作定语 (attribute)

1. Kate is looking for a

suitable coat to wear.

2. Tom has a nice pen

to write with.

1. 不定式作定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：

I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。

He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。

We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。

(1) 动宾关系

(2) 主谓关系

(3) 同位关系

2. 当名词被 the first ,the last, the only

等词以及形容词最高级修饰时eg: She is always the first to come and

the last to leave.

3. something, anything, nothing, everything 等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。

注意比较：1) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？

2) Have you anything to be sent?

你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？

（不定式 to send 的动作执行者是 you ）

（不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是已被省略的 me 或 someone else ）

4. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、

工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。

He is looking for a room to live in. Please pass me some paper to write ____.

• 不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time, place 或way ，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live in.

on

Ⅳ. 不定式作宾补 (object complement)

My mum asks me to play the piano two hours every day.

listen to

hear

watch

五看 see look at observe notice

三使 let make

have

二听一感觉 : feel

+ sb do sth

（不带 to ）

warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force 等+sb to do sth

1. They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.

但当以上的动词用于被动式， to 要还原：

2. Mother made John wash the car for a week. John was made to wash the car for a week.

3. 不定式用在介词 but, except, besides

后时 , 如果这些介词前有行为动词 do 的各种形式 , 那么介词后的不定式不带 to,

相反则带 to 。1. She could do nothing but cry.

2. I have no choice but to go.

3. What do you like to do besides sleep.

I got up early to _____________.catch the train

Ⅵ. 不定式作状语 (adverbial)

eg: He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.

1. 表示目的 : to

in order to

so as to

2. 表示原因 :

不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作状语 , sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed等。

eg: I’m glad / pleased to see you. We were surprised to hear the news.

so + adj. / adv. + as to do…such + adj. + n. +as to do…adj. / adv.+ enough + to dotoo + adv. / adj. +to donever to doonly to do ( 表意外 )

• He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it.

3. 结果状语 :

• He left, never to come back.• We hurried to the station only to find the train had left.

•不定式与疑问词 who,which, when, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didn’t know what to say.(宾语 ) How to solve the problem is very important.(主语 ) My question is when to start. (表语 )注意：•在与 why连用时，只用于 why或 why not开

头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。

Why not have a rest?

Ⅶ. wh- to do

To tell the truth, I am not happy at the moment.

•to be frank •to be honest•to tell the truth•to begin with•to make matters/things worse

Ⅷ. 独立结构 (absolute construction)

1 爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。_____________________ are both great happiness.2 据说他已经完成了他的工作。He is said _________________________________.3 根据报道他们已安全到达。They are reported ___________________.

To love and to be loved

to have finished/completed

his work

课堂练兵 -- 翻译下面的句子

to have arrived safely

4 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。I want this bike ___________________________________.5 玛利仿佛已经被告知此事了。Mary seemed ______________________.6 众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚 金牌。He is known _________________ a gold medal at the Olympics.

to be repaired at once

to have been told about it

to have been given

/immediately

1. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.

A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating

2. I would love ____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone

3. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____the first computer.

A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

4. Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking

5. ____ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep

6. The teacher asked us ____ so much noise. A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make

7. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard.

A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ____.

A. not to B. not to do C. not to ride D. do not to

9. Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

10. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult.

A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. don’t make

11. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job.

A. expected B. to expect

C. to be expecting D. expects

12. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see B. to be seen

C. seeing D. see

13. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ____.

A. it what to do with B. what to do with it

C. what to do it with D. to do what with it

14. The Brazilian novel the Alchemist is said ___into over twelve languages by the end of last year.

A. to be translated B. being translated C. having been translated D. to have been translated 15. The message is very important, so it is

supposed __as soon as possible. A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sending

Homework:

1. Revise the infinitive.

2. Finish the exercises

on P.P. 4-5.