Unit 1. Introduction of Psychology

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Unit 1. Introduction to Psychology

Index

1. What is the Psychology?

2. History of the Psychology

3. Psychology Schools

4. Specializations Areas in Psychology

5. How the psychologist studies the human

behaviour?

6. What does Psychology bring to Dentistry?

1. What is the Psychology?


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What is the Psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and their

mental processes.

Psyche (soul) + Logos (study).

To involve the use of observation, description and experimental research

to organized way to get information.

Behaviour is defined as actions than can be readily observed . Mental

processes occur even though they cannot observed directly.

Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various

spheres of human activity including problems of individuals daily lives,

the treatment of mental illness, and improve the human welfare.

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What are the goals of Psychology?

To Describe: tell what occurred

To Explain: tells why occurred

To Predict: under what conditions is the behaviour/event likely to

occur.

To Modify: this involves changing or controlling aspects of the

environment to changes behaviour in a way that would benefits both

the individual and society.

2. History of the Psychology


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History of Psychology: a brief introduction

Beginning: philosophers and religious leaders ask

questions about human nature and tried to explain human

behaviour.

New science.

The use of techniques and instruments which had been

used successfully in the natural sciences, it was

transformed some philosophers into scientist.

Psychology is the child of two parents: philosophy (the

pursuit of wisdom through logical reasoning) and

physiology (the study of the life processes of an organism)

History of Psychology: a brief introduction

During the 18 and 19 centuries, physiological researchers

used the newly invented microscope making important

advances.

The most of the psychologist had been educated in

medicineor physiology.

Psychologys efforts to understand how people think, feel,

and act continue to rely on a knowledgeof human biology.

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3. Psychology Schools


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Psychology Schools of Thought

1.- Structuralism

2.- Functionalism

3.- Gestal Psychology

4.- Psychoanalisis

5.- Behaviorism

6.- Humanists Psychology

7.- Cognitives Psychology

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Structuralism

Whilhem Wundt and Bradford Titchener

Wundt: in 1879 established the first formal psychology laboratory

In Germany.

He used the methods of laboratory science to study

consciousness.

He wanted to study the basic structure of the human mind (what

it is) rather than its functions or purposes (what it does). He used the technique of analytic introspection.*

Their physiological experiments involved measures simple .

His work ran into considerable resistance.

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Structuralism

Titchener: named Wundts approach structuralism and brought it to

America.

He believed the new science of psychology should analyze

consciousness by reducing it to its elemental units.

The structuralism died with Titchener, because he forgot important

topics such as motivation, individual differences and psychological

disorders.

isolating the individual elements of the human mind seemed

unnatural to many people.

the method was not truly scientific.


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Functionalism

William James(1842-1910)and Dewey(1859-1952).

James founded the first psychology laboratory in the united States, at Harvard

University(1870)

It was more scientific and more practical than structuralism.

Theyrejectedboth Wundtsapproach and Titchenersstructuralism.

They wanted to amass knowledge that they could apply in everyday life. In their

concern with the way an organism adapts to its environment, they wanted to

known how the mind functions-what it does.

They developed any research methods beyond introspection, including

questionnaires,mental tests, and objective descriptionsof behaviour.

They also broadened their subject base trained introspectionists, using children,

animals and the mentally disabled.

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Gestalt Psychology

Wertheimer, Koffka and Khler (1912): argued against the

value of trying to break down human experience or

consciousness into its componentparts.

They pointed out the whole of conscious experience is not

the same as the sum of its parts.

Consciousness should be studied in its entirety,not piece by piece.

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Psychoanalisis

Sigmund Freud, was in Vienna exploring the unconscious (1800)

Was a physician , began to question the assumption that biological

factors were behind all behaviour and mental processes.

Using hypnosis and other methods, Freud suggested that the cause

of some peoples physical ailments was not physical.

The real cause, he said, was deep-seated problems that the patients

had pushed out of consciousness. He eventually came to believe that

all behaviour is motivated by psychological processes, especially what

he called psychodynamic conflicts within ourselves that occur without

our awareness.

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Psychoanalisis

He said, that sexual and aggressive instincts, clashing with societys

rules, generated many of these hidden conflicts. For nearly fifty years,

Freud revised and expanded his ideas into a body of work known as

psychoanalysis . This theory included his views on personality and

mental disorder, as well as a set of treatment methods.

Freuds ideas were (and still are) controversial. Even so, he was a

groundbreaker whose psychodynamic theories has a significant

influence on psychology and many other fields.

He didnt use the scientific method (casestudy).

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Behaviourism

Watson:

argued that structuralism, functionalism and psychoanalysis mental life a

superstition (1913) (if you cant measure it cant study it)

Focus on observable and measurable

Behaviourism based on Pavlov studies that showed behaviour is learned.

Skinner:

became one of the leaders of behaviourist school.

Added idea of reinforcement (rewarded subjects for behaving certain

way). Operant Conditioning

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Behaviourism

This school helped psychology become a

truly scientific discipline

A major objection to behaviourism has

been its denial of cognitive processes.

This concern has given rise to the cognitive

approach,.


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Humanist Psychology

Maslow and Rogers:

Protested against the behaviourism and the

psychoanalysis.

Behaviourism says many things about the

behaviour, but very little on the people.

Psychoanalysis says much on the mental patients

but little on the healthy ones.

HUMANIST PSYCHOLOGY: emphasizes nonverbal

experience human (love, fear, hate, hope,

happiness, the meaning of life, etc).

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Cognitive Psychology

It is difficult to give its birth to a only author (Tulving, Piaget, Ellis,

Beck).

Cognitive Psychology is the more recent psychological school.

Believe that mental processes can and should be studied

scientifically.

Interest in how people process (perceive, interpret store, retrieve)

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY emphasizes research on how the brain

takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves

memories, processes information, and generates integrated

patterns of action.

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4. Specializations Areas in Psychology

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Specializations Areas in Psychology

1.- Clinic Psychology

2.- Counselling

3.- Educational Psychology

4.- Experimental Psychology

5.- Physiological Psychology

6.- Developmental Psychology

7.- Healths Psychology

8.- Social Psychology

9.- Organizational Psychology

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Clinic Psychology

Clinical psychologists assess and treat people with

psychologicalproblems.

They may act as therapists for people experiencing

normal psychological crises or for individuals suffering

from chronic psychiatric disorders.

Someclinical psychologistsare generalists

who work with a wide variety of populations,

while others work with specific groups like

children,the elderly, or those with specific

disorders (schizophrenia).

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Counselling

Counseling psychologists do

many of the same things that

clinical psychologistsdo.

However, counsell ing

psychologists tend to focus

more on persons with

adjustment problems rather

than on persons suffering

from severe psychological

disorder.

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Educational Psychology

Educational psychologists conduct research and

develop theories about the teaching and learning

process.

They attempt to understand

the basic aspects of learning

and then develop materials and

strategies for enhancing

the learning process.

Their efforts are applied to improve

teacher training and help students

learn more efficiently.

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Experimental Psychology

This area includes a diverse group of

psychologists who do research in the

most basic areas of psychology (e.g.,

learning, memory, cognition, perception,

motivation, and language).

Their research may be conducted with

animals instead of humans.

Most of these psychologists work in

academicsettings.

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Physiological Psychology

Also called Neuropsychology.

These psychologists are concerned with

brain/behavior relationships.

They may be involved in clinical work, in

the assessment of brain-damaged

patients, or in research, such as attempts

to relate cognitive activity to brain activity

as seen in brain scans.

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Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychologists study how we develop

intellectually, socially, and emotionally over life.

Some of the areas they are interested in are:

Children's peer relations,

language comprehension,

computational models of cognitive development,

parent-infant interactions,

social and communicative behaviour in infants,

and language acquisition across languages and cultures.

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Healths Psychology

Health psychologists are concerned with psychology's contributions to

the promotion and maintenance of good health and the prevention and

treatment of illness.

They recognize the importance of life style and behavioural factors that

contribute to physical disease, the search for ways to contain health

care costs, and potential of health-oriented psychological interventions.

They may design and conduct programs to help individuals.

They are employed in hospitals, medical schools, rehabilitation centres,

public health agencies, academic settings, and private practice.

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Social Psychology

Social psychologists study how our beliefs,

feelings, and behaviours are affected by other

persons.

Some topics of interest to social psychologists

are atti tude formation and change,

aggression, prejudice, and interpersonal

attraction.

Most social psychologists work in academic

settings, but some work in federal agencies

and businessesdoing applied research.

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Organizational Psychology

Industrial/organizational psychologists are primarily concerned with

the relationships between people and their work environments.

They may develop new ways to increase productivity or be involved

in personal selection.

They are employed in business, government agencies, and

academic settings.

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5. How the psychologist studiesthe human behaviour?

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Researchs Methods

1.- Study of cases.

2.- Survey.

3.- Natural Observation

4.- Experiments

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Study of cases

Case studies intensively examine some event or phenomenon in a

particular individual, group, or situation.

Case studies combine observations; test; interviews; and analysis of

letters, school transcripts, or other written records (document).

Are specially useful when a phenomenon is new, complex or rare.

They have a long tradition in clinical psychology and psychiatry.

Freuds development of psychoanalysis, was based on case studies.

Have played a special role in neuropsychology.

They may not represent people in general.

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Survey

Surveys give broad portraits of large groups.

Uses interviews or questionnaires to ask people about their behaviour,

attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or intentions.

However, the validity of survey data depends partly on the way the

survey questions are asked.

A surveys validity also depends on who is surveyed *

People may be reluctant to admit undesirable things about themselves.

Survey results and the conclusions drawn from them will be distorted

to the extent that these tendencies distort peoples responses and

researchers access to responses.

Natural Observation

Is the process of watching and recording a phenomenon as it naturally

occurs, without interfering with it.

This method gathers descriptive data in situations where other

techniques might be disruptive

Can provide a lot of good information.

Problems:

People tend to act differently

Observations can be incomplete if the observers are not well

trained.

Observers can report what they expect to see rather than what

actually occurs.

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Direct relationships between Psychology andOral-Dental Problems

Dentist-patient relationship.

The relationship between stress and oral-dental pathology.

Elimination of bruxism.

Temporomandibular joint malfunction.

Patient phobia of dental treatment.

Abandonment of dental treatment.

Difficult patient in Dentistry.

Pain and chronic orofacial pain.

Psychological problems related to dental aesthetic.

Burn-out Syndrome in Dentistry.

Risks factors in mouth cancer.

Behavioural techniques for the modification of attitude towards oral hygiene.

Comfortable atmosphere in the surgery.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Unit 1. Introduction of Psychology

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