UNIT 1: SMILE!! A) WARMING UP: 1) Do you like it when people smile at you? 2) What do you think people mean if they smile at you? 3) Do you smile often? Do you find it healthy?

B) ORAL DISCOURSE: DESCRIBING EVENTS. CAN DOs: 1) Describe an event 2) Present a linear sequence of points a) Listen to Malcolm in his description of an important event of his personal life:

DIALOGUE: She smiled at me!! M: She smiled at me, Linda. She smiled at me! Linda: What, this morning? M: Thats right I went through the door, towards the lift, she looks up she looks up at me and she smiles, she SMILES at me Linda: Mmmm Good news! M: But not just some ordinary polite smile, Linda. Not a I-dont-know your namebut-we happen-to work-in-the-same-building smile. Not a youre-a-vaguelyfamiliar-face and-maybe-in-about-five years time-well perhaps say hello Smile. NO, no Linda Im telling you she smiled at me. She SMILED at me. At ME! A here-and-now Hello VERY pleased to see you smile Linda: So, what did you do? M: Well, I nearly fell over and I could hardly breathe I mean heres the moment Ive been waiting for praying for for months I mean there she is, smiling at me smiling a big radiant smile. Ear to ear, Linda, Im telling you. And the

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beauty oh, the teeth!. That woman should be on toothpaste advertisements on television, Linda. Linda: So whatre you going to do about it? M: We-e-ell, Ive been thinking thinking all day in fact- and I think I thinkI mean, its clear to me unmistakable it was that smile. It was a smile, Linda, of complicity total complicity. She knows she KNOWS Ive been admiring her. I mean it was a smile that said it all. It said, oh, this is amazing, Linda, just amazing it was a smile that said: I know you really like me and I think youre very interesting too so Hello! HeLLO! Unmistakable, Linda, unmistakable Linda: So? M: So heres a woman Devastatingly beautiful very clever, very perceptive completely in control of the situation sending this unmistakable message of of complicity Linda: So? M: So she knows everything she knows exactly what Im thinking so theres only one thing to do tomorrow when I go in Im going to drop a letter on her desk. Im going to say that Ive admired her for months that I think shes the most beautiful woman in the world that since she smiled at me I cant think of anything else and will she, will she please do me the honor of having a drink with me after work Then about eleven in the morning Ill go down to a desk and say Well? Will you? What do you think? Linda: Yeah that sounds fine to me Ill Ill keep my fingers crossed Good luck! ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: b) Now discuss the following with your tutor or classmates in the forum/virtual class: 1. Why is Malcolm so excited? 2. What sort of relationship might he have with Linda? 3. What makes him so sure the girl has a positive attitude towards him? Explain. 4. What k ind of personality do y ou think he has? How w ould you describe him? 5. If you were Linda, what would you advise him to do?

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C) MULTI-TASKING ACTIVITIES MONA LISA: LOOK, READ, LISTEN, STUDY and WRITE Step 1. LOOK at the portrait of Mona Lisa at: ://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Mona_Lisa.jpg Step 2. READ the related text and LISTEN to its spoken version to make sure you know how to pronounce and give the correct intonation to it.

THE SECRET OF THE SMILE

She has l ong teas ed s cholars w ith her m ysterious s ensuality, and her i dentity has been a puz zle for a lmost 500 y ears. Was M ona Li sa the wife of Francesco del G iocondo, as many scholars believe, or a dukes widow or a Medici mistress? Now computer artist Lillian Schwartz thinks she has found the most obvious, most revealing, most poetically right answer. Mona Lisa is none other than Leonardo da Vinci himself. Schwartz was tes ting a new c omputer program at A T & T Bell Laboratories when s he compared Leonardos m ost famous painting w ith

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his only k nown s elf-portrait, drawn i n red chalk at the end of hi s life. She scaled each picture on her computer screen to the same proportions, then matched the l eft side of the self-portrait to the r ight side of the Mona Lisa. The features matched precisely a congruence so striking as to preclude coincidence, she w rites in J anuarys A rts & A ntiques m agazine. S he concludes that even the Mona Lisas famed smile is the artists upside down, the mirrored smile of Leonardo. Schwartz c ontends th at her i dentification makes sense, for Leonardo loved riddles and optical paradoxes. And while he kept precise notes on his other commissions, she says, he apparently made no records for the Mona Lisa, nor was he ever paid for the work. He never parted with it, carrying it with him from Florence to Milan to Rome to France. Historians believe that Leonardo w as probably homosexual. Perhaps, writes Arts & Antiques publisher Wick Allison, the Mona Lisa represents a side of himself that he treasured. Many ar t e xperts remain unconvinced. Nonsense, s aid James Beck, c hairman of C olumbia U niversitys A rt H istory D epartment, w ho argues that other Leonardo faces have similar features and that the look is simply a matter of s tyle. An artist paints whats in his mind, says Beck, not w hat he sees. If S chwartz is r ight, w hat m ay hav e bee n i n Leonardos mind was a private joke that has fooled posterity.

Click here

to listen to the whole text.

Step 3. DO the following exercises and STUDY the grammar explanations when necessary: 1) Choose the correct answer from the ones given below: a) What do you think Schwartz means when she says the most poetically right answer? a) It reminds us of Dantes poetry. b) It is the most aesthetically satisfying answer. c) There is something poetical about the picture.

b) Why did she match the left side of Leonardos self-portrait to the right side of Mona Lisas? a) Because Leonardo might have painted his reflection in the mirror. b) He was left-handed.

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c) It is the best way to compare two portraits which are similar.

c) What do you think a mirrored smile is? a) A mysterious smile. b) A smile which is upside down. c) Leonardo probably looked at himself in the mirror to paint it.

d) The fact that he may have been homosexual is important because: a) It explains why he painted such a delicate smile. b) His style is effeminate. c) It represents how he would have liked to be himself.

e) An artist paints whats in his mind means that he paints: a) The woman who he is in love with. b) His own interpretation of things. c) What he sees.

GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Connectors Connectors are words or expressions that are used to connect ideas, such as so, otherwise, then, on the contrary, on the other hand. When speaking about the syntactic structure of the sentence, these connectors are called conjuncts. Conjuncts are units whose main function is to join together two or more utterances which have a semantic relationship between them. They express textual relationships. They are connectors of structure, and as such, they can connect phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs: E.g.: He was a bank robber and furthermore an assassin. (Noun phrases)

He never tried to find his biological mother. On the contrary, she made all possible attempts in order to find him. (Sentences) Typical paragraph connectors are First of all, Second of all (mainly used in American English), In addition to all this, In conclusion, Finally, etc.

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From the semantic point of view, the main types of conjuncts are the following: Additive: And, additionally, in other words, besides, etc. Causal: Therefore, so, thus, in that case, etc. Adversative: But, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, otherwise, etc. Temporal: Then, finally, after that, first of all, etc. In spoken discourse, conjuncts are very frequently used to mark the beginning of a turn in conversation, and as such, they are also considered to be discourse markers. Among the most common discourse markers are Well, Now, Now then, So, Then, etc. all of which can be used to make different types of semantic connections.

2) Put the following sentences together using the appropriate connector. a) Mona Lisa is a mystery. Her identity has long puzzled scholars. (because/until). b) Schwartz was testing a computer program. She compared the two pictures (in order to/while). c) She scaled the two pictures. She matched each one on the computer (that/before). d) The features matched precisely. She concluded that Mona Lisa was Leonardo (since/in case). e) Schwartzs explanation makes sense. Many experts disagree (whenever/although). f) Leonardo took the picture with him. He travelled (wherever/until). g) Many historians believe that Leonardo was probably homosexual. The Mona Lisa may have represented a side of himself that he treasured (therefore/although). h) Mona Lisa may be Leonardo himself. Many art experts remain unconvinced (unless/yet).

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3) Oral production: Describing an event using connectors Describe an important recent event in your personal life and discuss it with your classmates/tutor in class or in a video conference. Why was this event important to you? How has it affected you? Ask your interlocutors for advice. USE connectors/ discourse markers (e.g. First, Then, Now, etc.) to join your ideas and make them cohesive and coherent.

4) MAKE A LIST, WRITE AND SUMMARIZE a) b) c) Make a list of the most convincing reasons for believing that Mona Lisa is actually Leonardo. Would you agree with Schwartz or with Beck? Explain why. Rewrite the passage using the following notes: Mona Li sas i dentity i s a m ystery - wife, wi dow o r mistress? Sc hwartzs answer poetically right but factually wrong? Leonardos self-portrait and Mona Lisa technologically compared. Similarity of features more than coincidence? Mirrored smile. Riddle typical of Leonardo, loved paradoxes. No records of payment for work, took it with him everywhere. Possibly painting represents a secret aspect of himself that he treasured. Art world unconvinced? Similarities among Leonardos other works make coincidence a matter of style. Does the artist paint reality or was Leonardos reality itself a puzzle?

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D) TACKLING VOCABULARY 1) Find, in the text, the opposite or near opposite of the following words (the lines in brackets give their approximate location):

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

ambiguous wrong obscure unknown vaguely frown agrees different public

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lines??

2) Complete these sentences with the appropriate word from those listed below: sensuality identitity features magazines mind publisher nonsense

about almost anything; a) These days you can find a fashion, beauty, sport, cars, and many other subjects. b) What he said was sensible. ; he never seems to say anything of the criminal, as told

c) The police couldnt discover the no-one had seen him commit the crime. d) She never thought she could write a book, but the her she had a lot of talent. e) The

of women is something that painters often try to

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capture in their work. f) The power of the psychologists. has always been a favourite subject for

g) Her are nothing special individually, but together the effect is quite beautiful. 3) Include one of the following verbs in the appropriate tense in the blank spaces below to complete the meaning of these sentences:

draw match

carry conclude

remain argue

a) As she was already two hours late, he _________ that she wasnt coming to the party. b) I _________ in Spain for a week after the others left, because the weather was so good. c) He loves to ________ people in cafs, especially if they are not aware that he is doing it. d) They __________ for hours about political issues, but everyone still thought the same afterwards. e) This sweater doesnt ____________ take it back to the shop. these trousers; I shall have to

f) He _______ my suitcases all the way up the stairs, but it hurt his back quite badly.

4) Find the phrases in the text that complete the following sentences: a) the day, Im too tired to go out. and spilled milk all over the that you should earn of all his lectures and

b) He turned the glass floor. c) If you work harder than other people, it more money. d) A good student should

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classes. e) She loved him so much that even to difficult. f) To be good at a sport is usually as much talent. him for a day was practice as of

g) They tell so many laughing about.

that people never know what they are

5) a) Find the adjectives or adverbs in the text that mean the following: a) clear, blatant. b) immediately impressive. c) well known. d) according to what is generally thought. b) Now include the appropriate word from those above in these blank spaces. a) Her beauty was had heard about her. all over the country; everybody ; you

b) To me, the solution to your money problem is should get a job that pays you more. c) dont believe it. d) Van Goghs paintings are usually bright colours he uses.

, he is having an affair with another woman, but I

because of the

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6) Solve the crossword using the clues below. The lines in brackets will help you find the word.

Down 1. a woman who has a continuing illicit relationship with a man. 2. deceive. 3. reach a judgement. 6. discuss. 7. 9. 10. 12. 14. 15. 17. sketch. a person who publishes books or periodicals. thought, spirit. pertaining to the senses. register, keep data. continue to be. impressive, obvious.

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18.

resemble, coincide.

Across 4. 5. 8. 11. 13. 16. 18. 19. 20. 21. painting of oneself. well known. as it seems. picture. nobleman. characteristics. publication. to take with oneself. identified, aware of its existence. sameness or likeness.

E) NOW, HOWS YOUR SPELLING? In the text, words such as scholars, duke, optical and Beck, appear. Can you tell the difference in their spelling? 1) Add ch, k, ck, or c to the following words: a) bu____et b) emphati___ c) kno___ d) ___emistry e) plasti___ f) psy___ology g) loo___ h) wea___ i) lu___ j) fantasti___

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k) sto___ l) la___

2) Words ending in -y following a consonant change the y to i before adding a suffix.E.g.: laboratory - laboratories (14), history (46) - historians. This is not the case with the suffix ing; carry - carrying (36). Add y, i, or ie in the blank spaces: obe stead sp ly s ed cherr fl ing ly s funn er worr stor d s sunn er stud cr ing s

happ

After checking your answers try to formulate spelling rules. Go to your grammar book if necessary.

F) AND HOWS YOUR FORMATION OF WORDS? Notice the word congruence or emergency. The endings -ence, -ance, -ency, -ancy are often used to form abstract nouns. 1) Form new words by using one of these suffixes: different efficient dependent assure acquaint accept convenient consistent annoy predominant absent allow

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2) The negative prefixes un as in unconvinced and dis- as in disregard are frequently used. Add either one of them to the following words: illusion happy order grateful important advantage agree loyal wise approve healthy obedient

3) Look at the words preclude, concludes, include, exclude. -clude is the base to which different prefixes are added. See how many words you can make by joining these four prefixes (con-, ex-, in-, per- ) to the following bases: a) ceive b) fect c) cept d) form e) ject f) sist g) vert h) mit

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G) USING ENGLISH APPROPRIATELY AND PUTTING IT INTO MOTION Possessives appear very often in the Mona Lisa text: E.g.: A dukes widow. Leonardos most famous painting The Mona Lisas famed smile is the artists in Leonardos mind

GRAMMAR CAPSULE:

The genitive case: s / of

Examine the instances in which the genitive is used in The Secret of the Smile. Some of them are: the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, a dukes widow Leonardos most famous painting, the right side of the Mona Lisa, etc. As we can see in the examples in the text, sometimes the construction NPs (Noun Phrase + s) is used and some other times the formula NP + of + NP is preferred. In spite of the fact that there are usually compelling reasons for preferring one or the other construction in a given case, the degree of similarity and overlap has led linguists to regard the two constructions as variant forms of the genitive. Both the s and the of constructions are traditionally called possessives, but, if we look at the phenomenon from a broader perspective, it can be understood that their semantic function goes beyond the meaning of possession. Observe the meanings that result from paraphrasing the following examples: The secret of the smile Bill Gates' company - The smile hides a secret - Bill Gates runs a company/ Bill Gates is the C.E.O. of a company. Peters mistake - Peter made a mistake

Americas most famous singers - The most famous singers in America The secretarys application The teachers story - the secretary applied for a job - the teacher told a story

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Ten months' wait Susans dog The city of Bath The pleasure of your company

- the wait lasted ten months - Susan has a dog - Bath is a city - Your company is a pleasure

In general, the genitive construction s (traditionally known as the Saxon possessive) is preferred for human nouns: E.g.: a dukes widow Leonardos mind This construction is preferred to a lesser extent for animal nouns (the cats ears) and human group nouns (the governments policy).

Note: This rule is not always observed, as we can see in lines of the text: the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, where the noun phrase refers to a human being.

When the noun is plural (regular, ending in s), we just add the apostrophe and the genitive is not pronounced (zero form). E.g.: The eagles nest. My friends car. The zero form also occurs with some singular nouns ending in s, such as: Greek names: Socrates ideas; Euripides plays Certain fixed expressions: For goodness sake, for conscience sake With other names ending in s (Jones, Carlos, etc) the genitive is written either Jones or Joness. In speech it is pronounced either // or //, the latter being the most common. E.g.: The Joness invitation to dinner Carloss house For the pronunciation of the genitive ending we follow the same rules as for the pronunciation of the plural:

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unvoiced /s/ voiced /z/ voiced /z/

E.g. the dentists telephone, the vets motorbike, the bats eyes, etc. E.g. the childs voice, the womens clothes, the bulls horns, etc. E.g. the horses mouth, Jamess boat, Georges notebook, etc.

The construction s can also be used: With time expressions such as: todays paper a days work a months salary a fortnights holiday yesterdays newspaper tomorrows weather in two years time ten minutes break a three hours delay With places: New Yorks theatres / Englands politicians, etc. With nouns of special interest to human activity: Sciences findings/ Memorys selective power, etc. With expressions following the pattern: for E.g.: + NOUN + sake

for heavens sake, for goodness sake, etc.

Sometimes the head of the noun phrase may be omitted when referring to shops, restaurants, colleges, etc.; well-known places; and, to avoid repetition of the thing possessed. E.g.: the grocers the opticians Macys

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Saint Andrews Mark and Spencers This is my PC and that is my brothers

Notice the American forms Grocery (store), bakery or pharmacy for British English grocers, bakers and chemists respectively (as well as for other similar places or shops).

The construction with of (traditionally known as the Latin possessive), is generally preferred for inanimate objects, mass and abstract nouns. E.g.: The left side of the self-portrait.

The fence of the house. The progress of science. The of-construction is also preferred when the modifying noun phrase is long:

E.g. NOT:

The arrival of the 10:30 plane from Barcelona The 10:30 plane from Barcelonas arrival

However, it is not uncommon to hear people uttering phrases like the following, using the s construction instead: E.g.: The office workers duty. Commander-in-chiefs responsibility. The person that sent me an e-mails idea.

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1) Now join the following nouns using s or simply (apostrophe without s). a) Charles the Second / his reign b) The house / Tom and Mary c) Milton and Shakespeare / their works d) The backyard / our neighbours e) Bismarck / his Germany f) Europe / its difficulties

g) Bills father / his friend h) John / one of his nephews i) j) My small sisters / their toys The ladies / their clothes

k) My son-in-law / the bicycle l) Jim and Elisabeth / their children

m) Verdi and Puccini / the operas n) The portrait / Mr. Brown

2) Explain the difference between the following expressions by stating what each one means:

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a) A good business deal / A good deal of business. b) A wine glass / A glass of wine. c) A pay-day /A days pay. d) A horse race / A race horse. e) A sports field / Field sports

3) Note the use of the propositions at, in, of, on, and for in the text and after reading about them, fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate one: a) Mr. Smith has lived here b) She was wearing several rings c) There is no room d) He is working two years. her fingers.

them in this house. a new project the moment. the black-board.

e) The children wrote their names f) The man the pub.

the grey coat is a detective. I just met him a very loud lavender. mind.

g) We could hear everything he said because he spoke voice. h) Mary smells i) j) You should try to keep what I have told you I have bought these books Dillons.

k) They all came home might have been. l) Ill stop

Christmas, no matter how far away they my way home. their thirties. four

the supermarket

m) All the men she goes out with are n) He studied Chemistry years.

the University of Kansas

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4) In the text we find the expressions makes sense ; made no records . Do you know the difference in meaning and usage of the verb to do?

GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Make / do

Spanish speakers often have problems distinguishing between make and do because both verbs can be translated into Spanish as hacer. To make means to build or produce something and can be translated as hacer in the sense of fabricar, elaborar. To do means to carry out and can be translated as hacer with the meaning of realizar, llevar a cabo. Ultimately, the choice of these verbs depends on the words with which they collocate: Some collocations with make: an accusation allowances an appointment arrangements an attempt a bed the best of a cake certain a change a choice a comment a complaint a confession a date

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a decision a demand a discovery a dress an effort an enquiry an estimate an excuse a fire friends (with) fun of a gesture a fuss of a good/bad impression a journey a living a loss love a mistake money the most of a movement a noise an offer peace a phone call a plan

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a point (of ) a profit progress a promise a proposition a remark a request sense (of) a speech a statement a success of a suggestion sure tea/coffee use of war a will a wish

Notice the causative use of make, in the structure make + NP+ infinitive clause.

E.g.: He made me return the tickets because he didnt want to go to the theatre. Never use do in this construction.

Some collocations with do: ones best

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business a course the cleaning the cooking damage the dishes your duty evil an exercise a favor the gardening good your hair harm ones homework honor the house the housework the ironing a job justice research right the rooms the shopping a sum a translation

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the washing the washing-up wonders some work wrong

NOTE:

Notice that there are cases in which we use hacer in Spanish that can neither be translated as make nor as do: E.g.: Hacer milagros = To work miracles Hacer pellas = To play truant. Conversely, there are uses of make and do in English that cannot be translated into Spanish as hacer: E.g.: To make a decision = tomar una decision To do the dishes = lavar los platos To make a wish = pedir un deseo.

After reading the grammar capsule, include either make or do, in the appropriate tense, in the following sentences: a) What are you b) She enjoys c) The dogs d) She ? Im reading a book. exercise early in the morning. so much noise that it was impossible to sleep. all her clothes herself. his bed before leaving the house. for a living? I work as a secretary in a

e) Everyone must f) What do you

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Canadian bank. g) He a most uninteresting proposition which nobody accepted. the best of it and enjoy yourself instead of their homework and then went out to the garden me a favour? some coffee.

h) Why dont you just complaining so much? i) The children to play. Would you

j)

k) What will you l) Please, dont

for the Christmas holidays? that, it bothers me. that, youre a fool of yourself.

m) Dont

5) The sentence preceding nor always has a negative meaning: E.g.: He made no records ... nor was he ever paid for the work (34-35). His girlfriends parents never forgave him, nor did her sisters. But the most frequent use of nor is with the conjunction neither forming a correlative pair. Rewrite the following sentences as in the example below: E.g.: John didnt go to the cinema. He didnt go to the pub. John went neither to the cinema nor to the pub.

a) The children didnt quarrel. They didnt fight. b) The exam wasnt short. c) That old man cant read. d) Tom mustnt work. e) She cant run. f) It wasnt easy. He cant write.

He mustnt study.

She cant participate in sports. They cant eat meat.

They cant eat fish.

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6) The word himself is used emphatically in this text: Mona Lisa is none other than Leonardo da Vinci himself , and also as a reflexive pronoun: a side of himself that he treasured

GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Emphatic and reflexive pronouns

As explained in Chapter 2 (Language Points, exercise 8) , the pronoun himself is used in the Mona Lisa text (The Secret of the smile) both as a reflexive (lines 412) and an emphatic pronoun (lines 11-12). We use the reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of an action are the same, i.e., reflexive pronouns replace a co-referential noun phrase, normally within the same finite verb clause: E.g.: Sue cut herself while she was cooking. He looked at himself in the mirror. I promised myself I would never do that again

Check t he correspondence am ong t he po ssessive adj ectives, the po ssessive pronouns and the reflexive pronouns in English: Possessive adjectives singular my your his (masc.) her (fem.) mine yours his hers myself yourself himself herself Possessive pronouns Reflexive pronouns

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its (neut.) ones (impers.)

its

itself oneself

plural our your they ours yours theirs ourselves yourselves themselves

Reflexive pronouns are usually stressed on the second syllable. In connected speech and when they are contrasted with another pronoun or noun phrase, they carry sentence stress

E.g.:

He bought the book himself Or: He himself bought the book

Reflexive pronouns may follow a preposition: a) when they are preceded by a phrasal verb: E.g.: b) after for: E.g.: c) after by: E.g.: We managed to build the hut by ourselves. They are grown-ups and they should do it for themselves. Look after yourself.

In this case the meaning changes, and the pronoun is not a reflexive proper. When reflexive pronouns are preceded by the preposition by, the meaning conveyed is alone, with no help from any other person.

d) after of: E.g.: I think he should be ashamed of himself.

Reflexives often occur in coordinated phrases, as well as after as, like, but and

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except in variation with personal pronouns: E.g.: Somebody like me/ myself cannot bear with such a situation. My friend and I/ myself had a personal interview with the criminal. Emphatic Reflexive pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are sometimes placed in apposition for the sake of emphasis and/or end-focus. In this case, and from the discourse point of view, they cannot be said to be reflexive proper, for they do not fulfill the object function and convey a different meaning . They are used emphatically to indicate that someone, and not someone else, did something. This could be translated into Spanish as uno mismo, en persona. E.g.: I myself repaired the ceiling. I repaired the ceiling myself. A: Can you do the washing up? B: Why dont you do it yourself? Emphatic reflexive pronouns are also used to contrast between two parts of something: E.g.: I love Italy but Rome itself is gorgeous.

You will find all these books useful but the dictionary itself is fundamental.

After reviewing emphatic and reflexive pronouns in the grammar capsule above, fill in the gaps with the appropriate form: a) The President situation to them. received the journalists and explained the .

b) That old man is always talking to c) I live by d) Did Sue hurt e) Look at

in an old house in the country. with the knife? in the mirror with that silly hat. , otherwise they wont learn.

f) They must do all the problems by g) We have bought longer worked properly. h) Stop feeling sorry for problems.

a lovely new car because the old one no and do something to solve your

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i) j)

She makes all her clothes

and she does quite a good job too. into trouble.

These boys always seem to be getting

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