Unit 1 Industrial Drawings

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UNITS IN THIS COURSE

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UNIT 1 INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS.

UNIT 2 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS.

UNIT 3 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS.

UNIT 4 I ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS.

UNIT 5 P & ID SYMBOLS.

UNIT 6 DIMENSIONS AND SCALES.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Para Page

1.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES 3

1.1 WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS? 4

1.2 WHAT IS A BLUEPRINT? 9

1.3 DRAWING SIZES 9

1.4 THE ALL-IMPORTANT TITLE BLOCK 11

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1.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES

This course explains the reasons why industrial drawings are needed, and thedifferent types of industrial drawings which are used. Other Units in this course givemore detailed information so that, on completion of the course, the student will beable to:

Identify and explain the basic information given on industrial drawings,

blueprints and engineering drawings.

Recognise an orthographic drawing and be able to draw an object in

orthographic views.

Recognise an isometric drawing and be able to draw an object in isometric

view.

Identify and explain the reasons for exploded and assembly drawings.

* Recognise and explain the symbols used on piping and instrumentation

diagrams.

Take dimensions off a drawing and explain the use of scale drawings.

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1.1 WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS?

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Industrial drawings are the 'language' of industry. They provide the link between thepeople who design something and the people who will build, operate and maintainthat thing. It could be a building, a ship, an engineering plant, or anything else usedin industry.

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Figure 1-1 Typical Industrial Drawings

To be called 'industrial' a drawing must:

Follow specific rules about the way lines and symbols are drawn, and about

the sizes, measurements and positions of the equipment shown in thedrawing.

Have an industrial application.

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By following specific rules, industrial drawings are made so that anyone within the

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industry they have been drawn for can understand them.

With any set of industrial drawings there will be one or more sheets showing thelines, symbols and abbreviations which have been used for that set of drawings.An extra copy of this can be used as a handy reference.

Industrial drawings have a number of functions:

They simplify by using symbols to show complicated equipment and

machinery.

They explain by showing the type of material used in each component, and

by showing the function and position of each component in the system.

They standardise by having standard types of lines, by having standard

symbols for items of equipment, and by showing the dimensions in astandard way.

When the subject of an industrial drawing is large or complicated, more than onedrawing will often be required. For very large or very complicated plants orequipment, several hundred drawings may often be produced.

As part of the drawing work, a 'List of Drawings' will be produced which listsdrawing titles with drawing numbers. Get a copy of this and use it to select thedrawings you actually want. This is easier than going through a complete set ofdrawings.

The drawings produced may cover different areas of the plant, or separate itemsof equipment within the plant. Also, different types of drawings will be used. Some

examples of the different types of drawings are:

Architectural Drawings which show the locations of buildings and provide

structural and foundation details.

Electrical Drawings which show electrical wiring details.

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Figure 1-2 Simple Electrical Wiring Drawing

Piping Drawings which show piping details including sizes, materials to be used andfittings to be used.

Figure 1-3 Example of a Piping Drawing

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Engineering Drawings which show the size of equipment which will be used

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and the materials it is made from. There are two basic types of engineeringdrawings; orthographic drawings and isometric drawings. Orthographicdrawings are covered in detail in Unit 3 of this course. Isometric drawings arecovered in detail in Unit 4.

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Figure 1-4 Example of an Engineering Drawing

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Instrument Drawings which show details of the instruments which will be used

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and how they are connected to the equipment. These drawings are often calledPiping and Instrument Drawings (or Diagrams) and are shortened to P & ID.

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Figure 1-5 Example of an Instrument Drawing

Process Flow Drawings (or diagrams) which show details of the process. The

name of these drawings is often shortened to PFD.

Figure 1-6 Example of a Process Flow Drawing

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1.2 WHAT IS A BLUEPRINT?

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The word 'blueprint' has become an accepted word for a copy of a drawing. Theword was first used because the equipment used to make a copy of the drawingproduced a copy with white lines on a blue background.

Today there are many different ways to produce copies of drawings, includingcomputer printouts. However, the word 'blueprint' is still often used.

A blueprint is a copy of an original drawing. The original drawing is a very valuabledocument so it is kept in a safe place. If any person needs to use the drawing theyare given an up-to-date blueprint (copy). There are several reasons why blueprintsare used instead of the original drawings:

The method used to make blueprints is quick and not expensive.

Many people need to use the same drawings so several copies of the same

drawing can be made.

Original drawings are very expensive and difficult to replace if they are lost or

damaged.

When changes in a drawing become necessary, it is much easier to make

changes only once, on the original drawing. Then new blueprint copies of theoriginal drawing can be made.

Because of the copying process used, the blueprint is a very accurate copy of

the original drawing. It is possible to use a blueprint to measure or scale adimension if that measurement is not given on the drawing.

1.3 DRAWING SIZES

With some methods of making a copy of a drawing, the size of the copy can bemade to be different from the size of the original drawing. This can not be done withthe original blueprint method of copying.

The terms used for this are 'reduction, when the copy is smaller than the originaldrawing, and 'enlargement', when the copy is larger than the original drawing.

Altering the size of the copy from that of the original has advantages and

disadvantages;

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If the original drawing is large, the copy can be made smaller (reduced) so that

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it is more convenient to use in a small work space or out on the plant.

If the original drawing is of poor quality, the copy can be made bigger

(enlarged) so that it may be easier to read.

The main disadvantage of changing the size of the copy from that of the

original is that the drawing can not be used to 'scale off' dimensions.

If the right type of copying equipment is available at the work site, you can ask forcopies of drawings in sizes different from the original drawing size. It is necessary tounderstand the various paper sizes available.

Paper sizes are standardised using the metric system of measurement (millimetres).There are two series of sizes called the 'A' series and the 'B' series. The B series isnot used much with industrial drawings.

The largest sheet of paper in the A series is called A1 and measures 840millimetres (mm) by 594 mm. If this sheet of paper is cut equally into two pieces on

the longer edge, each of the two pieces of paper is called size A2, and eachmeasures 420 mm by 594 mm. The series continues in this way so that thefollowing paper sizes are formed.

A1 840 mm (33 in) by 594 mm (23.4 in)

A2 420 mm (16.5 in) by 594 mm (23.4 in)

A3 420 mm (16.5 in) by 297 mm (11.7 in)

A4 210mm(8.25in) by 297mm(11.7in)

A5 210mm(8.25in) by 148.5mm(5.85in)

A6 105mm (4.125 in) by 148.5 mm (5.85 in).

A6 and A5 are too small for industrial drawings. Size A4 may be used occasionally.

The page you are reading at the moment is A4 size. With the book opened out andspread flat the size will be almost A3. That is, two A4 pages side by side on thelonger edges.

In addition to the paper sizes mentioned above a further, 'super' size called AO maybe used. This. size is slightly larger than the Al size. Also, some drawings may beproduced on non-standard sized paper to produce copies which are of standard

width, but very long.

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Figure 1-7 Paper Sizes

1.4 THE ALL-IMPORTANT TITLE BLOCK

The title block of a drawing is usually, but not always, located in the bottomright-hand corner of the drawing sheet. The title block contains a lot of informationwhich may be useful to the person reading the drawing. This information includes:

The signatures of those people involved in making the drawing.

The drawing title.

The scale used for the drawing; that is, the size of the drawing compared to the

size of the object.

The tolerances which are allowed; that is, how much the measurements of the

finished product can vary from the measurements shown on the drawing.

The sheet number to show how many drawings there are in that particular set.

The drawing number. Normally this number will never change. If the drawing

number changes it will be clearly stated on the drawing.

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Figure 1-8 Typical Drawing Title Block

Unit 1 Industrial Drawings

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