Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature. Gordon Lightfoot Grammy Nominations 1968 Best Folk...

Unit 1Unit 1

Fighting with Fighting with the Forces of Naturethe Forces of Nature

Gordon LightfootGordon Lightfoot

Grammy NominationsGrammy Nominations1968 Best Folk Performance 1968 Best Folk Performance 1971 Best Pop Performance Male 1971 Best Pop Performance Male 1977 Best Pop Vocal Performance Male1977 Best Pop Vocal Performance Male

Pre-reading Task: Pre-reading Task: The Wreck of the Edmund The Wreck of the Edmund

FitzgeraldFitzgerald

Pre-reading Task: Pre-reading Task: The Wreck of the Edmund The Wreck of the Edmund

FitzgeraldFitzgerald

legend n.legend n. 传说传说 gale n.gale n. 大风大风hurricane n.hurricane n. 飓风飓风 hatchway n.hatchway n. 舱口舱口cave in cave in 坍塌坍塌 capsize v.(capsize v.( 使使 )) 倾覆倾覆chime vi.(chime vi.( 钟钟 )) 敲响敲响 freighter n.freighter n. 货船货船tattletale n.tattletale n. 告密者告密者 , , 搬弄是非的人搬弄是非的人 ; adj.; adj. 泄露实情的泄露实情的slash v./n. slash v./n. 鞭打，猛砍鞭打，猛砍 wire in wire in 用电话通报用电话通报peril n. peril n. 极大的危险极大的危险 (imminent danger) (imminent danger) mansion n.mansion n. 大厦大厦 steam n.steam n. 愤怒，兴奋愤怒，兴奋mariner n.mariner n. 水手水手 musty adj.musty adj. 发霉的发霉的 , , 有霉味的有霉味的 maritime adj.maritime adj. 海上的海上的 cathedral n.cathedral n. 大教堂大教堂

Pre-Reading Task —Pre-Reading Task —VocabularyVocabulary

Pre-Reading TaskPre-Reading Task

Why did the crew fear the worst would Why did the crew fear the worst would happen to them?happen to them?

They all knew the dangers of They all knew the dangers of November storms.November storms.

The Edmund Fitzgerald Superior November

The song is based on a true story of the sinking of a ship called ______________ that was caught in a storm on Lake ________ back in _________, 1975, with the loss of all on board.

Great LakesGreat Lakes

http://www.fipc.ru/fipc/regions/map3-22.html

Pre-Reading Task — Pre-Reading Task — BrainstormingBrainstorming

Can you think of other examples of Can you think of other examples of nature showing its forces?nature showing its forces?

Is nature conquerable? (You can Is nature conquerable? (You can refer to the quotations on Page 13.refer to the quotations on Page 13.

Hurricanes Hurricanes

One of the most awesome expressions of One of the most awesome expressions of power that nature can create. With power that nature can create. With sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or more, sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or more, they can rip a house from its foundation they can rip a house from its foundation and even wipe out entire cities.and even wipe out entire cities.

??• But where and how are they created?But where and how are they created?• When during the year will they most likely When during the year will they most likely

form?form?• What can we do if we are caught in one?What can we do if we are caught in one?

The word comes from the Japanese tsu (harThe word comes from the Japanese tsu (harbor) and nami (wave). bor) and nami (wave).

Appropriate naming, as some 80 percent of Appropriate naming, as some 80 percent of all tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean anall tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean and Japan has suffered many, some coming d Japan has suffered many, some coming from as far away as South America. from as far away as South America.

Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves, but tides have nothing to do with twaves, but tides have nothing to do with them (though the damage may be worse if hem (though the damage may be worse if a tsunami hits at high tide).a tsunami hits at high tide).

Tsunami-1 Tsunami-1

According to researchers, there is a According to researchers, there is a significant rise both in numbers of significant rise both in numbers of waves and in death tolls over the waves and in death tolls over the century. Up until now - the average century. Up until now - the average per decade has been 57. per decade has been 57.

The increase in tsunamis reported is The increase in tsunamis reported is due to improved global due to improved global communications; the high death are communications; the high death are partly due to increases in coastal partly due to increases in coastal populations. populations.

Tsunami-2Tsunami-2

Tsunamis ~ Tidal Waves ~ Tsunamis ~ Tidal Waves ~ FloodingFlooding

Tsunamis are tidal waves formed by Tsunamis are tidal waves formed by

• underwater earthquakes, underwater earthquakes, • volcanic eruptions volcanic eruptions • meteor impacts meteor impacts • underwater landslides. underwater landslides.

In deep water a tsunami may only be inches - or a In deep water a tsunami may only be inches - or a few feet high. But when it reaches a shoreline few feet high. But when it reaches a shoreline that energy becomes a wall of water that can be that energy becomes a wall of water that can be a mile high. a mile high.

Frequently Used Words Frequently Used Words Related to Forces of Related to Forces of

NatureNaturecasualtycasualtydeath tolldeath tollsurvivorssurvivorsvictimsvictimstsunami warning systemtsunami warning systemearthquake monitoringearthquake monitoringinternational contributions international contributions evacuation team evacuation team smaller tremors smaller tremors

伤亡人数伤亡人数死亡人数死亡人数幸存者幸存者受灾者受灾者海啸预警系统海啸预警系统地震监控地震监控国际援助国际援助撤运小组撤运小组小震动，小地震小震动，小地震

潮汐波，浪潮潮汐波，浪潮震中震中地震地震余震余震震级震级灾难灾难残骸残骸自然灾害自然灾害

Frequently Used Words Frequently Used Words Related to Forces of Related to Forces of

NatureNature

tsunami tidal waves tsunami tidal waves epicenterepicenterearthquake/temblor (AmE) earthquake/temblor (AmE) aftershock aftershock magnitude magnitude

(Richter Scale)(Richter Scale)tragedytragedywreckage wreckage natural disasternatural disaster

Text AText A The Icy The Icy DefenderDefender

1.1.Cultural NotesCultural Notes

2.2.Text Analysis and Language Text Analysis and Language StudyStudy

3.3.Summary: Comparison and Summary: Comparison and contrast between Napoleon’s contrast between Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Unioninvasion of the Soviet Union

4.4.ExercisesExercises

Cultural NotesCultural Notes

1.1.What do you know about What do you know about Napoleon and his wars against Napoleon and his wars against other nations?other nations?

• Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte• Conqueror Conqueror • French revolutionFrench revolution• one of the greatest military one of the greatest military

commanders conquering the larger commanders conquering the larger part of Europepart of Europe

• the battle of Waterloothe battle of Waterloo• Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

Napoleon is Napoleon is famed for his famed for his military military successes. successes. Starting as a Starting as a second lieutenant second lieutenant in the French in the French artillery, he rose artillery, he rose quickly through quickly through the ranks until he the ranks until he became First became First Consul of France. Consul of France. (Later he crowned (Later he crowned himself Emperor.)himself Emperor.)

He led his armies He led his armies to victory after to victory after victory, and by victory, and by 1807 he ruled a 1807 he ruled a territory that territory that stretched from stretched from Portugal to Italy Portugal to Italy and north to the and north to the river Elbe. river Elbe.

But his attempts to conquer But his attempts to conquer the rest of Europe failed; the rest of Europe failed;

a defeat in Moscow in 1812 a defeat in Moscow in 1812 nearly destroyed his nearly destroyed his empire, and his 1815 loss empire, and his 1815 loss to the Duke of Wellington to the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo finished the at Waterloo finished the job. job.

He was sent into exile on He was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena, the island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821.where he died in 1821.

Part One Part One (Paras 1--2)(Paras 1--2)

• Main ideaMain idea

Introduction—Both Napoleon’s anIntroduction—Both Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns failed d Hitler’s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russiabecause of the severity of the Russian wintern winter

Text Analysis & Language Text Analysis & Language StudyStudy

Part One Part One

devastating (L.5)devastating (L.5)

raw (L. 5)raw (L. 5)

bleak (L. 5)bleak (L. 5)

launch (L.7)launch (L.7)

might (L. 8)might (L. 8)

campaign (L.10)campaign (L.10)


Part Two Part Two (Paras 3--11)(Paras 3--11)

• Main ideaMain idea

Napoleon’s military campaign agaiNapoleon’s military campaign against Russianst Russia


conquest (L. 16)conquest (L. 16)

be/get bogged down (L. 22) be/get bogged down (L. 22)

engage (L. 24)engage (L. 24)

take a gamble (L. 30) take a gamble (L. 30)

press on/ahead (L. 30)press on/ahead (L. 30)

flee (L. 37)flee (L. 37)

bide one’s time (L. 39)bide one’s time (L. 39)

quarter (L. 41)quarter (L. 41)

drag on (L. 50)drag on (L. 50)

strokestroke (L. 54)(L. 54)

limp (56)limp (56)


Part Part TwoTwo

Part Three Part Three (Paras 12--20)(Paras 12--20)

Main ideaMain idea

Hitler’s military campaign against the SovHitler’s military campaign against the Soviet Unioniet Union


•Hitler vs. StalinHitler vs. Stalin

The maps of the three planThe maps of the three plans of Operation Barbarossa s of Operation Barbarossa (see next page)(see next page)

Marcks Plan

The initial German proposal for invasion of the Soviet Union: two army groups and primary strikes in the direction of Moscow and Kiev with a secondary attack toward Leningrad. The northern army group would push southward after reaching Moscow, linking up with the southern group at Kharkov.

OKH Plan

The revised German Army High Command proposal for an invasion of the Soviet Union. It added weight to the attack toward Leningrad and called for a separate army group for this purpose. It also anticipated further eastward exploitation, independently, by the central and southern army groups.

Final Plan

After consultations with Hitler, the final plan for Operation Barbarossa called for the diversion of forces from the central army group, after the capture of Smolensk, to support the northern army group in attacking Leningrad and only after achieving this would the central army group continue operations toward Moscow. The objectives of the southern army groups essentially remained the same.

The Biggest Mistakes of The Biggest Mistakes of HitlerHitler

Timing of Barbarossa -- too late for summer season

"Moscow could have been reached faster, paralysing the capital and capturing more troops. But these were dreams of ambitious commanders who were increasingly at odds with each other and had long lost any idea how Russia could be defeated – how the will of the leadership and the nation could be broken."

Part ThreePart Three

catch sb off guard (L. 71)catch sb off guard (L. 71) bring to a halt (L. 91)bring to a halt (L. 91)render (L. 73)render (L. 73) offensive (L. 92)offensive (L. 92)casualty (L. 75)casualty (L. 75) turn the tide against (L.102)turn the tide against (L.102)close in (L. 76)close in (L. 76) reckon (L. 114)reckon (L. 114)desperate (L. 78)desperate (L. 78) toll (L. 116)toll (L. 116)siege (L.81)siege (L.81)


Part Four Part Four (Paras 21)(Paras 21)

Conclusion—The elements of nature Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any militarmust be reckoned with in any military campaigny campaign


Part Four Part Four

reckon (L. 114)reckon (L. 114)

tolltoll (L. 116)(L. 116)


Text Organization: Text Organization:

Comparison and contrast Comparison and contrast between between

Napoleon’s invasion of Russia Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and and

Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet UnionHitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union

Invading Invading countrycountry

FranceFrance GermanyGermany

Country Country invadedinvadedStarter of Starter of warwarStarting time ofStarting time of

invasioninvasion

Strength of Strength of invading invading forceforce

predictiopredictionn

RussiaRussia Soviet UnionSoviet Union

NapoleonNapoleon HitlerHitler

Spring, 1812Spring, 1812 6/22/19416/22/1941

600,000600,000 The largest land The largest land campaign in campaign in historyhistory

Quick victory, Quick victory, conquest of conquest of Russia in 5 Russia in 5 weeksweeks

Blitzkrieg(ligBlitzkrieg(lighting war), hting war), lasting no lasting no longer than 3 longer than 3 monthsmonths



Initial Initial resistance resistance strategystrategy

Capture of Capture of the Russian the Russian capitalcapitalMajor Major battlesbattles

Truce Truce offeroffer

Refusing to Refusing to stand and stand and fight; fight; retreating retreating eastwards, eastwards, burning crops burning crops and homesand homes

““scorch the scorch the earth”, fierce earth”, fierce fight to fight to defend major defend major citiescities

yesyes nono

Smolensk, BorodSmolensk, Borodino, the Berezina ino, the Berezina RiverRiver

Leningrad, Leningrad, StalingradStalingrad

By Napoleon, By Napoleon, rejected by rejected by the Czarthe Czar

nono



Biggest Biggest enemy for the enemy for the invading invading forceforce

Turning pointTurning point

Fate of the Fate of the invading forceinvading force

War-starter’s fateWar-starter’s fate

Snow, freezing Snow, freezing temperaturetemperature

Heavy rain, Heavy rain, “general mud”, “general mud”, snow, freezing snow, freezing temperaturetemperature

October 1812, October 1812, when when Napoleon Napoleon ordered a ordered a retreatretreat

1943, when the S1943, when the Soviet troops pushoviet troops pushed the German fored the German forces backces back

Only 100,000 Only 100,000 survivedsurvived

Heavy lossesHeavy losses

Napoleon Napoleon abdicated and abdicated and went into exile, went into exile, his empire at an his empire at an endend

Hitler Hitler committed committed suicide, his suicide, his empire empire collapsingcollapsing

devastating (L.5)devastating (L.5)1) completely destructive:1) completely destructive:

devastating storm/tsunami/war/hurricanedevastating storm/tsunami/war/hurricane

2) very good; able to obtain the desired result (2) very good; able to obtain the desired result (infml)infml)::You look devastating tonight, my dear.You look devastating tonight, my dear.His jokes were completely devastating. (=very His jokes were completely devastating. (=very funny).funny).

• Devastate vt.Devastate vt.to destroy completely; make impossible to live into destroy completely; make impossible to live in

towns and villages devastated by a long wartowns and villages devastated by a long war

1.1. (of weather) cold and wet(of weather) cold and weta ~ winter daya ~ winter day

2.2. (of food) not cooked(of food) not cooked~ vegetables~ vegetables

3.3. in the natural state; not yet treated for usein the natural state; not yet treated for use~ silk/ cotton~ silk/ cotton

4.4. (of a person) not yet trained; not experienced(of a person) not yet trained; not experienceda ~ lad/ recruit/ youth; a ~ lad/ recruit/ youth; ~ to the work.~ to the work.

5.5. My sarcasm seemed to have touched him on the ~.My sarcasm seemed to have touched him on the ~.touch/catch/get/rub/sting sb on the ~touch/catch/get/rub/sting sb on the ~

to hurt (someone’s) feelings by mentioning a suto hurt (someone’s) feelings by mentioning a subject on which he is sensitive (bject on which he is sensitive ( 触及某人痛处触及某人痛处 ))

raw (L. 5)raw (L. 5)

• (of weather) cold and cheerless(of weather) cold and cheerless

~ and unpleasant weather~ and unpleasant weather

• (of places) without shelter from cold winds(of places) without shelter from cold winds

a ~ hillside struck by the full a ~ hillside struck by the full force of force of the east windthe east wind

• (of future events) cold; cheerless; (of future events) cold; cheerless; uninviting; discouraginguninviting; discouraging

The future of this firm will be The future of this firm will be very ~ very ~ indeed if we keep indeed if we keep losing money.losing money.

bleak (L. 5)bleak (L. 5)

• vv. . start; send (sth) on it’s coursestart; send (sth) on it’s course

~ a satellite / rocket~ a satellite / rocket~ oneself into work (on a teaching ~ oneself into work (on a teaching

career)career)~ a new business/an enterprise~ a new business/an enterpriseThe UN was ~ed in 1945 with 51 member The UN was ~ed in 1945 with 51 member

countries.countries.~ a new journal/an investigation~ a new journal/an investigation~ a strike/ an attack~ a strike/ an attack

• n.n.The ~ of the new campaign/movieThe ~ of the new campaign/movie

Launch (L. 7)Launch (L. 7)

• n. power; strength; forcen. power; strength; force

The army fought bravely, but it was crushed by The army fought bravely, but it was crushed by the ~ of its powerful enemy.the ~ of its powerful enemy.He tried with all his ~ to move the heavy rock He tried with all his ~ to move the heavy rock from the road.from the road.military ~/the ~ of RAF (Royal Air Force)military ~/the ~ of RAF (Royal Air Force)a man of ~/beyond one’s ~a man of ~/beyond one’s ~with/by (all one’s) might and main (with/by (all one’s) might and main ( 竭尽全力竭尽全力 ))

• mightymighty adj. adj. having great power or strength; very grhaving great power or strength; very greateat

a mighty blow/kinga mighty blow/kingA pen is mightier than a sword.A pen is mightier than a sword.

might (L. 8)might (L. 8)

• to kill, destroy, or knock down, esp. in to kill, destroy, or knock down, esp. in great numbersgreat numbers

The soldiers were mown down by fire The soldiers were mown down by fire from the enemy’s guns.from the enemy’s guns.

mow down (L. 9) mow down (L. 9)

• n. a connected set of military actions with a partin. a connected set of military actions with a particular purposecular purpose

The ~ to seize Moscow was a complete The ~ to seize Moscow was a complete failure.failure.

• n. a connected set of actions intended to obtain n. a connected set of actions intended to obtain a particular result in politics or businessa particular result in politics or business

The Leader of the Oppositions is on ~ in The Leader of the Oppositions is on ~ in Scotland.Scotland.

The ~ is to promote the product in the The ~ is to promote the product in the college student market.college student market.

• v. to lead, take part in, or go on a campaignv. to lead, take part in, or go on a campaignJoan is ~ing for equal rights for women.Joan is ~ing for equal rights for women.

campaign (L.10)campaign (L.10)

n.n.• the act of conqueringthe act of conquering

The year 2003 witnessed the ~ of Iraq by The year 2003 witnessed the ~ of Iraq by the the USA.USA.

• something conquered, esp. land gained in warsomething conquered, esp. land gained in warBritish ~s in AsiaBritish ~s in Asia

• a person whose favor or love has been wona person whose favor or love has been wonHe’s one of pretty Jane’s many ~s.He’s one of pretty Jane’s many ~s.

John seems to have John seems to have made a real conquest made a real conquest ofof Janet. They’re always together. Janet. They’re always together.

• make a conquest (of)make a conquest (of) to win the love or favor of (someone)to win the love or favor of (someone)

conquest (L. 16)conquest (L. 16)

bog downbog down• to (cause to) sink (as if) into a to (cause to) sink (as if) into a BOGBOG; be unable ; be unable

to make progressto make progress

The car (got) bogged down in the mud.The car (got) bogged down in the mud.

We were bogged down with a lot of We were bogged down with a lot of work.work.

• be bogged down be bogged down in/ byin/ by difficulties difficulties

The talks with the men (got) bogged The talks with the men (got) bogged sown sown on the questions of working hours.on the questions of working hours.

Industrial production has bogged downIndustrial production has bogged down

be/get bogged down (L. be/get bogged down (L. 22)22)

• v.v. attack; begin fighting with sb.attack; begin fighting with sb.They ~d the enemy (in the battle).They ~d the enemy (in the battle).

• ~ a new secretary ~ a new secretary • I’ve ~d a room in the hotel. I’ve ~d a room in the hotel. • He ~d (himself) to pay back the money.He ~d (himself) to pay back the money.• She ~s everyone with her pretty girlish ways.She ~s everyone with her pretty girlish ways.• The old lady ~d herself The old lady ~d herself inin making clothes for her making clothes for her

neighbors’ children. neighbors’ children.

• I will I will engage forengage for John’s good behavior should y John’s good behavior should you decide to employ him.ou decide to employ him.

• Can you believe a 9 year-old-boy is Can you believe a 9 year-old-boy is engaging inengaging in p presidential election?residential election?

engage (L. 24)engage (L. 24)

take a risktake a risk

He He took a gambletook a gamble on a legacy of a thousand on a legacy of a thousand pounds and used it to start a factory.pounds and used it to start a factory.

Laid off, she Laid off, she took a gambletook a gamble investing all her investing all her money in stocks.money in stocks.

He He gambledgambled his savings to start a small his savings to start a small store.store.

I’ll I’ll gamblegamble my life on his honesty. my life on his honesty.

take a gamble (L. 30)take a gamble (L. 30)

• gamble at cardsgamble at cards• gamble on the result of a racegamble on the result of a race• gamble in stocks/ on the stock gamble in stocks/ on the stock

exchangeexchange• gamble with one’s lifegamble with one’s life

• I wouldn’t I wouldn’t gamble ongamble on Jane’s footing Jane’s footing the bill, if I were you.the bill, if I were you.

• He’s He’s gambled awaygambled away all his money, all his money, and now has nothing left.and now has nothing left.

take a gamble (L. 30)take a gamble (L. 30)

• continue doing sth. in a determined way; advance with courage or without delay

Let’s press on with our work.The new president of our university

seems to be keen to press on with educational reform.

Though faced with great difficulties, he is determined to press on.

press on/ahead/ forward (with stpress on/ahead/ forward (with sth.) (L. 30) h.) (L. 30)

• He was so determined to win the game that he pressed too hard and made some silly mistakes.

• He pressed his way through the crowd.

• So many people pressed round the famous actress that she couldn’t get to her car.

• Pressing business matters prevented him from taking a holiday.

• My friends gave me a pressing invitation. They were so pressing that I couldn’t refuse them.

press on/ahead/ forward (with stpress on/ahead/ forward (with sth.) (L. 30) h.) (L. 30)

• to escape (from) by hurrying awayto escape (from) by hurrying away

They all fled (from) the burning ship.They all fled (from) the burning ship.The enemy troops fled in utter confusion.The enemy troops fled in utter confusion.He fled the kidnappers and phoned the He fled the kidnappers and phoned the

police.police.

flee starvationflee starvationflee forflee for neutral ports neutral portsflee toflee to Europe Europeflee fromflee from responsibility responsibilityMists Mists fledfled before the rising sun. before the rising sun.fleeflee one’s country into exile one’s country into exile

flee (fled) (L. 37)flee (fled) (L. 37)

• wait usually for a long time, until wait usually for a long time, until the right moment; wait patiently for the right moment; wait patiently for a chancea chance

He seems to be doing nothing, but He seems to be doing nothing, but really he’s just biding his time.really he’s just biding his time.

He bided his time until Harvard He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship.University offered him a professorship.

bide one’s time (L. 39) bide one’s time (L. 39)

• provide lodgings for (esp. provide lodgings for (esp. soldiers)soldiers)

– That night, together with a high That night, together with a high official, I was ~ed with a peasant.official, I was ~ed with a peasant.

– He ~ed his men on the inhabitants.He ~ed his men on the inhabitants.– The were ~ed throughout the war in The were ~ed throughout the war in

Smith’s hotel.Smith’s hotel.

quarter (L. 41)quarter (L. 41)

• move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediouslyand tediously

Time flies in holidays, but when school Time flies in holidays, but when school begins the days ~ ~.begins the days ~ ~.

The meeting just seems to drag on and on.The meeting just seems to drag on and on.

• He He dragged outdragged out his words as if he had all day to his words as if he had all day to say a sentence. say a sentence.

• He dragged out the meeting with long speeches.He dragged out the meeting with long speeches.• He He dragged outdragged out an unhappy existence in prison an unhappy existence in prison

for many years. for many years.

drag on (L. 50)drag on (L. 50)

• any of a series of repeated movements; any of a series of repeated movements; • single successful or effective action or occurrence;single successful or effective action or occurrence;• blowblow• an unexpected piece (of luck)an unexpected piece (of luck)

She can’t swim yet but has made a few ~s She can’t swim yet but has made a few ~s with her arms.with her arms.

With a ~ of its wings the birds flew away.With a ~ of its wings the birds flew away.She drew his face with a few ~s.She drew his face with a few ~s.He’s really competent, solving all the He’s really competent, solving all the

problems at a ~.problems at a ~.That was his first ~ of good fortune. That was his first ~ of good fortune. by some ~ of fate/have a ~ of good (bad) by some ~ of fate/have a ~ of good (bad)

luckluck


• At the twelfth ~, we welcomed the new yearAt the twelfth ~, we welcomed the new year• He arrived He arrived on the ~ ofon the ~ of 12. 12. • He had a ~ and was unable to walk for the resHe had a ~ and was unable to walk for the res

t of his life,t of his life,• be killed by a ~ of lightningbe killed by a ~ of lightning• A backhand ~ in tennis (A backhand ~ in tennis ( 反手击球反手击球 ))• The minimum wage would be raised by 20% The minimum wage would be raised by 20%

at a ~at a ~..• With a ~ of the president’s pen, I was out of With a ~ of the president’s pen, I was out of

college.college.


• walk with an uneven step, one foot or leg walk with an uneven step, one foot or leg moving less well than the othermoving less well than the other

When getting off the bus, I slipped and hurt my When getting off the bus, I slipped and hurt my ankle and had to ~.ankle and had to ~.

• He walks with He walks with a ~a ~..• The heat was too much for her; she The heat was too much for her; she went ~went ~ and and

fell to the ground. fell to the ground.

Cf.Cf. staggerstaggerhave trouble standing or walking; move have trouble standing or walking; move unsteadily on one’s feetunsteadily on one’s feetI was so tired I could hardly stagger to my feet.I was so tired I could hardly stagger to my feet.

limp (L. 56)limp (L. 56)

• take sb by surprisetake sb by surprise

– His proposal at the subway station caught her off gHis proposal at the subway station caught her off guard and she was at a loss, too embarrassed to sauard and she was at a loss, too embarrassed to say anything. y anything.

– Eisenhower’s troops were caught off guard and bEisenhower’s troops were caught off guard and badly defeated by Rommel in the first days of the figadly defeated by Rommel in the first days of the fighting in February 1943.hting in February 1943.

• on/ off one’s guardon/ off one’s guard– Be on your guard against thieves.Be on your guard against thieves.

• guard againstguard against– You must wash your hands when preparing food to You must wash your hands when preparing food to

guard against spreading infection.guard against spreading infection.

catch sb. off guard (L. 71)catch sb. off guard (L. 71)

• cause to be (same as make)cause to be (same as make)

– His fatness ~s him unable to see his His fatness ~s him unable to see his toes.toes.

– Millions of people were ~ed homeless Millions of people were ~ed homeless and destitute by the recent tsunami.and destitute by the recent tsunami.

• to give (esp. help/advice)to give (esp. help/advice)– You have ~ed me a service.You have ~ed me a service.– ~ aid/ assistance~ aid/ assistance– She needed him to hear her out and ~ She needed him to hear her out and ~

advice.advice.

render (L. 73) render (L. 73)

• a person who is killed or injured in war or in an a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accidentaccident

There were more than 100 casualties in There were more than 100 casualties in the train crash.the train crash.

The first reports of the tsunami told of The first reports of the tsunami told of more than one 100,000 casualties but the more than one 100,000 casualties but the precise number is not known.precise number is not known.

• casualcasuala person employed for a short period of timea person employed for a short period of timeJohn’s a casual, he can’t find a proper job John’s a casual, he can’t find a proper job anywhere.anywhere.

casualty (L. 75) casualty (L. 75)

• to surround gradually and usu. from all to surround gradually and usu. from all sidessides

The people ran away when the enemy The people ran away when the enemy army began to close in.army began to close in.

Night is closing in.Night is closing in.

• to have fewer hours of daylightto have fewer hours of daylight

The days are beginning to close in now The days are beginning to close in now that it’s autumn.that it’s autumn.

close in (on/upon) (L. 76)close in (on/upon) (L. 76)

• (of a state of affairs) very difficult and dangerous(of a state of affairs) very difficult and dangerous

Our country was once in a ~ state due to the Our country was once in a ~ state due to the wrong policy of Great Leap.wrong policy of Great Leap.

• (of a person) ready for any wild act because of (of a person) ready for any wild act because of loss of hopeloss of hopea ~ criminala ~ criminalHe was ~ for work to provide food for his He was ~ for work to provide food for his children.children.

• (of an action) wild or dangerous; done as a last (of an action) wild or dangerous; done as a last attemptattempta last ~ effort to wina last ~ effort to win

desperate (L. 78) desperate (L. 78)

• an operation by an army surrounding a defended plan operation by an army surrounding a defended place to force it to yield, by repeated attacks, blocking ace to force it to yield, by repeated attacks, blocking of its supplies, etcof its supplies, etc..

~ warfare (~ warfare ( 围攻战围攻战 ))be in/ under a state of ~ (be in/ under a state of ~ ( 处于被围状态处于被围状态 ))stand/ withstand a ~ stand/ withstand a ~ （抵住围攻）（抵住围攻）lift a state of ~ lift a state of ~ （解除围困状态）（解除围困状态）The terrorists gave themselves up after a 24-hour ~The terrorists gave themselves up after a 24-hour ~

lay ~ tolay ~ to ( ( 围攻围攻 ))raise a ~raise a ~

siege (L.81) siege (L.81)

• stop completelystop completely

We were We were brought to a haltbrought to a halt by a storm. by a storm.bring a halt tobring a halt to the nuclear arms race the nuclear arms race

• come to a haltcome to a halt The car The car came to a haltcame to a halt just in time to just in time to

prevent an accident.prevent an accident.

Cf.Cf. come to the aid (L.11)come to the aid (L.11)go into exile go into exile (L. 61)(L. 61)

bring to a halt (L. 91)bring to a halt (L. 91)

• N. a continued attack, usu. with large N. a continued attack, usu. with large military forcesmilitary forceslaunch an all-out ~ against the enemylaunch an all-out ~ against the enemya propaganda ~ against the governmenta propaganda ~ against the government

• take the offensivetake the offensivebegin to attackbegin to attack

• Adj. causing offence; unpleasantAdj. causing offence; unpleasant~ remarks/ advertisements to women~ remarks/ advertisements to womena sight to ~ to look ata sight to ~ to look at

Cf.Cf. defensivedefensive

offensive (L. 92) offensive (L. 92)

• change what looks like defeat into change what looks like defeat into victory (over)victory (over)

The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war. tide of war.

• swim/ go swim/ go withwith//againstagainst the tide the tide

to act in accordance with/ opposition to a to act in accordance with/ opposition to a general current of thought, custom, or general current of thought, custom, or what most other people are doingwhat most other people are doing

turn the tide (L.102)turn the tide (L.102)

• to consider; regardto consider; regard

Yao ming is ~ed (to be) the number one centYao ming is ~ed (to be) the number one center in NBA.er in NBA.The foundation of P.R. China is ~ed from Oct. The foundation of P.R. China is ~ed from Oct. 11stst 1949. 1949.

• be ~ed withbe ~ed with George W. Bush is surely the one who hGeorge W. Bush is surely the one who h

as to be ~ed with when people are trying to as to be ~ed with when people are trying to maintain world peace.maintain world peace.


• reckon inreckon inHave you ~ed the cost of the postage in the total.Have you ~ed the cost of the postage in the total.Have you ~ed in the cost of postage?Have you ~ed in the cost of postage?

• reckon withreckon withIf you hit the child again you’ll have me to ~ with.If you hit the child again you’ll have me to ~ with.

• reckon withoutreckon withoutWhen he decided to go he ~ed without Mary, who refWhen he decided to go he ~ed without Mary, who refused to let him.used to let him.

• reckon onreckon on You can always ~ on me (to help you).You can always ~ on me (to help you).We’re ~ing on a large profit/ being half an hour late.We’re ~ing on a large profit/ being half an hour late.You can’t ~ on seeing him.You can’t ~ on seeing him.


• the number of people or animals killed or the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; injured in particular circumstances;

• money paid for the use of a bridge or roadmoney paid for the use of a bridge or road

The death and injury ~ in the tsunami is on The death and injury ~ in the tsunami is on the rise.the rise.The village is allowed to charge ~s for the The village is allowed to charge ~s for the use of the bridge.use of the bridge.

• cause damage, injuries or deaths (often cause damage, injuries or deaths (often followed byfollowed by of/onof/on))

The flood took a ~ of 2 million lives.The flood took a ~ of 2 million lives.His hard work has taken its ~ on his health.His hard work has taken its ~ on his health.

toll (L. 116)toll (L. 116)

• wait usually for a long time, until wait usually for a long time, until the right moment; wait patiently for the right moment; wait patiently for a chancea chance

He seems to be doing nothing, but He seems to be doing nothing, but really he’s just biding his time.really he’s just biding his time.

He bided his time until Harvard He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship.University offered him a professorship.

bide one’s time (L. 39) bide one’s time (L. 39)

I. Directions: For each of the following sentences I. Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.the sentence.

1.1. The battle of Waterloo was ________ to The battle of Waterloo was ________ to Napoleon because he was totally defeated and Napoleon because he was totally defeated and was not able to build up his armies again.was not able to build up his armies again.

A. clashingA. clashing B. strikingB. striking

C. devastatingC. devastating D. assaultingD. assaulting

Exercises for Unit 1Exercises for Unit 1

CC

2.2. Despite his ____ literary style, this young man earned Despite his ____ literary style, this young man earned the acknowledgement of professional critics. the acknowledgement of professional critics.

A. rawA. raw B. fierceB. fierce

C. bleakC. bleak D. offensiveD. offensive

3.3. It might be another _____ year for this company if it fails It might be another _____ year for this company if it fails to come up with any effective reform policies. to come up with any effective reform policies.

A. limpA. limp B. bleakB. bleak

C. offensiveC. offensive D. devastatingD. devastating

4.4. McDonald’s is about to ______ a new advertising McDonald’s is about to ______ a new advertising campaign to promote its new hamburger. campaign to promote its new hamburger.

A. stretchA. stretch B. hunchB. hunch

C. renderC. render D. launchD. launch

AA

BB

DD

5.5. The United States’ military showed the world its _____ The United States’ military showed the world its _____ when it completed its war with Iraq in just two months.when it completed its war with Iraq in just two months.A. empireA. empire B. conquestB. conquestC. mightC. might D. allianceD. alliance

6.6. The National SAFE KIDS Foundation/Association The National SAFE KIDS Foundation/Association ______ for fire safety, car safety and home safety to ______ for fire safety, car safety and home safety to both adults and children.both adults and children.A. reckonsA. reckons B. rendersB. rendersC. campaignsC. campaigns D. launchD. launch

7.7. The Spanish ______ of South America was both long The Spanish ______ of South America was both long and deadly. and deadly. A. conquestA. conquest B. strokeB. strokeC. exileC. exile D. casualty D. casualty

CC

CC

AA

8.8. _____ in Iraq, the United States has turned to the United _____ in Iraq, the United States has turned to the United Nations for help, embraced diplomacy with North Korea Nations for help, embraced diplomacy with North Korea and only reluctantly sent small numbers of US troops to and only reluctantly sent small numbers of US troops to help a West African peacekeeping mission in Liberia. help a West African peacekeeping mission in Liberia. A. Bogged downA. Bogged down B. Reckoned withB. Reckoned withC. Engaged withC. Engaged with D. caught offD. caught off

9.9. He had to _____ himself in his writing these days as the He had to _____ himself in his writing these days as the deadline was one week earlier than he thoughtdeadline was one week earlier than he thoughtA. engageA. engage B. renderB. renderC. reckonC. reckon D. devastateD. devastate

10. He ___________ and invested his money in the volatile 10. He ___________ and invested his money in the volatile US stock exchange rather than buying stable US US stock exchange rather than buying stable US treasury bonds.treasury bonds.A. took a tollA. took a toll B. pressed aheadB. pressed aheadC. took a gambleC. took a gamble D. got bogged downD. got bogged down

CC

AA

AA

11.Slowed by sickness and starvation, the army _______ 11.Slowed by sickness and starvation, the army _______ toward the battle front.toward the battle front.

A. pressed onA. pressed on B. took a gambleB. took a gamble

C. reckoned withC. reckoned with D. took a tollD. took a toll

12.During World War Two, lots of Jews ____ for neutral 12.During World War Two, lots of Jews ____ for neutral ports in order to avoid persecution by the Nazis. ports in order to avoid persecution by the Nazis.

A. launchedA. launched B. engagedB. engaged

C. boggedC. bogged D. fledD. fled

13.Don’t jump at the first opportunity. It’s better to ___ your 13.Don’t jump at the first opportunity. It’s better to ___ your time and wait for a better offer.time and wait for a better offer.

A. bideA. bide B. retreatB. retreat

C. bogC. bog D. siegeD. siege

AA

AA

DD

14.Stuck by the snow storm, the captain had to suspend 14.Stuck by the snow storm, the captain had to suspend the march and ______ his men with the villagers.the march and ______ his men with the villagers.

A.A. feedfeed B. quarterB. quarter

C. tatterC. tatter D. abdicateD. abdicate

15.This seminar seems to be _______ on and on and it just 15.This seminar seems to be _______ on and on and it just won’t end.won’t end.

A.A. pressingpressing B. fleeingB. fleeing

C. renderingC. rendering D. draggingD. dragging

16.With one _______ of the visa officer’s pen, my 16.With one _______ of the visa officer’s pen, my application to America was rejected. application to America was rejected.

A. strokeA. stroke B. stretchB. stretch

C. tollC. toll D. casualtyD. casualty

BB

AA

DD

17.I have to walk with a ____ because I hurt my ankle in 17.I have to walk with a ____ because I hurt my ankle in training yesterday.training yesterday.A. limpA. limp B. tacticB. tacticC. strokeC. stroke D. exileD. exile

18.Some people are still wondering why and how the 18.Some people are still wondering why and how the United States of America was ________ guard by the United States of America was ________ guard by the terrorist attack of Sept. 11. terrorist attack of Sept. 11. A. bogged downA. bogged down B. pressed onB. pressed onC. caught offC. caught off D. reckoned withD. reckoned with

19.19. The chairman was forced to bring the meeting to a ____ The chairman was forced to bring the meeting to a ____ because there was too much arguing in the room.because there was too much arguing in the room.A. borderA. border B. strokeB. strokeC. tideC. tide D. halt D. halt

CC

AA

DD

20.20. There are many Chinese idioms that cannot be There are many Chinese idioms that cannot be _______ into English. _______ into English.

A. reckonedA. reckoned B. bidedB. bided

C. launchedC. launched D. renderedD. rendered

21.21. You had better throw away the fish - What an _______ You had better throw away the fish - What an _______ smell! smell!

A. devastatingA. devastating B. swollenB. swollen

C. tatteredC. tattered D. offensiveD. offensive

22.22. Napoleon’s army suffered heavy ________ in the battle Napoleon’s army suffered heavy ________ in the battle of Russia. of Russia.

A. tacticsA. tactics B. severityB. severity

C. casualtiesC. casualties D. alliancesD. alliances

CC

DD

DD

23.23. The United States government is committed to turning The United States government is committed to turning the _____ against malaria, which claims the life of an the _____ against malaria, which claims the life of an African child every 30 seconds. African child every 30 seconds. A. bideA. bide B. counterattackB. counterattackC. tideC. tide D. conquestD. conquest

24.24. Darkness is ________ in on us. We’ve never felt so Darkness is ________ in on us. We’ve never felt so helpless and desperate. helpless and desperate. A. retreatingA. retreating B. pressingB. pressingC. takingC. taking D. closingD. closing

25.25. With no food, the hikers, who lost their way in the With no food, the hikers, who lost their way in the desert, were driven to _________.desert, were driven to _________.A. desperationA. desperation B. declarationB. declarationC. severityC. severity D. casualtyD. casualty

AA

DD

CC

26.26. Before the _____ ended, the citizens were almost Before the _____ ended, the citizens were almost starving. starving.

A. siegeA. siege B. strokeB. stroke

C. tideC. tide D. conquestD. conquest

27.27. Though the president is an idiot, he is in command of Though the president is an idiot, he is in command of the most powerful military on earth and is therefore the most powerful military on earth and is therefore someone to be ________ with.someone to be ________ with.

A. devastatedA. devastated B. reckonedB. reckoned

C. scorchedC. scorched D. renderedD. rendered

28. The war took a heavy ______ of the nation’s 28. The war took a heavy ______ of the nation’s population.population.

A.occupationA.occupation B. allianceB. alliance

C. tollC. toll D. invasionD. invasion

AA

BB

CC

II. Directions: Please fill in the blanks with II. Directions: Please fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from Text A:the words or phrases from Text A:

1.1.As the manager of the company, you As the manager of the company, you should not ______ ______ your should not ______ ______ your responsibility in the affair.responsibility in the affair.

2.2. The girl’s attention was __________ by The girl’s attention was __________ by the display of the new shoes in the shop the display of the new shoes in the shop windows and has no time to __________ in windows and has no time to __________ in our talk. our talk.

3. 3. The talk between the two countries The talk between the two countries was _________ _________ in political and was _________ _________ in political and economic issues because of the great economic issues because of the great difference.difference.

retreat from

engaged

bogged down

engage

4.4. We are unwilling to _____ _____ _____ We are unwilling to _____ _____ _____ opening a restaurant in this part of opening a restaurant in this part of the city. the city.

5.5. It is believed that illegal search is It is believed that illegal search is a(n)___________of people’s civil rights. a(n)___________of people’s civil rights.

6.6. The criminal who was still drinking The criminal who was still drinking in a pub was _____ _____ _____ when in a pub was _____ _____ _____ when the policemen rushed in and the policemen rushed in and arrested him.arrested him.

take a gamble

invasion

caught off guard

7.7. Time seems to ______ ______ when you Time seems to ______ ______ when you have nothing to do. have nothing to do.

8.8. Tom always daydreams that he Tom always daydreams that he could make a fortune_____ ______ could make a fortune_____ ______ ______.______.

9.9. The old engineer ___________ the The old engineer ___________ the young workers not only in words , young workers not only in words , but also by deeds. but also by deeds.

drag on

at a stroke

instructed

13.13.The war between the two countries The war between the two countries produced many __________ in both produced many __________ in both sides.sides.

14.14.In order to finish the task in time, In order to finish the task in time, we have to _____ _____ in the face of we have to _____ _____ in the face of difficulties. difficulties.

15.15.It is _____ today. Put on your scarf It is _____ today. Put on your scarf and gloves before you go out. and gloves before you go out.

casualties

press on

raw

III. TranslationIII. Translation

1.1. 就这次交通事故而言就这次交通事故而言 , , 驾驶员粗心大意是造成事驾驶员粗心大意是造成事故的主要原因故的主要原因 . . The carelessness of the driver is the main cThe carelessness of the driver is the main cause in the case of this traffic accident. ause in the case of this traffic accident.

2.2. 人们终于明白以牺牲环境来发展经济是多么愚蠢人们终于明白以牺牲环境来发展经济是多么愚蠢 .. It is finally realized how foolish it is to deveIt is finally realized how foolish it is to develop our economy at the cost of environmenlop our economy at the cost of environment. t.

3.3. 由于质量低劣由于质量低劣 ,, 这项工程被停了下来这项工程被停了下来 . . The project was brought to a halt because oThe project was brought to a halt because of its poor quality.f its poor quality.

4.4. 由于他在战斗中的英雄行为由于他在战斗中的英雄行为 , , 他被人们认为是最他被人们认为是最勇敢的战士之一勇敢的战士之一 ..Because of (thanks to) his heroic deeds in tBecause of (thanks to) his heroic deeds in the war, he was reckoned as one of the bravhe war, he was reckoned as one of the bravest soldiers. est soldiers.

5.5. 在处理这些问题时在处理这些问题时 ,, 必须考虑时间必须考虑时间 ,, 天气以及资天气以及资金等因素金等因素 . . The factors such as time, weather and fundThe factors such as time, weather and funds must be reckoned with when we deal wits must be reckoned with when we deal with these problems. h these problems.

Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature. Gordon Lightfoot Grammy Nominations 1968 Best Folk...

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Transcript of Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature. Gordon Lightfoot Grammy Nominations 1968 Best Folk...