Unit 1: Ecosystem Sustainability
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Transcript of Unit 1: Ecosystem Sustainability
Unit 1: Ecosystem Sustainability
Wolf Island
1.1 Capturing Energy from the Sun
Definitions Ecosystem - all the living (biotic) and
non-living (abiotic) parts in an environment that interact.
Trophic levels - feeding levels.
Food Chains
Food Chains
Grass grasshopper frog wolf
Plants Herbivore Carnivore Top
Carnivore
Producer Primary Secondary Tertiary Consumer Consumer Consumer
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Trophic Trophic Trophic Trophic Level Level Level Level
Show the patterns of energy movement through an ecosystem.
All energy for life is powered by the Sun.
Producers convert solar energy into chemical energy for
the food chain.
(don’t eat other organisms – some exceptions)
All energy needed by consumers must be made by producers by photosynthesis.
CO2 + H20 CHO + O2 (Cycle of Life)
Solar Energy
Used for life processes.
AssignmentAssignment Read p4 – 7Read p4 – 7 Stretch Stretch
Your Mind Your Mind P 5P 5
pg 7 #1 – 6pg 7 #1 – 6
Why does energy decrease as you up the trophic levels? (gr 7?)
1.2 Feeding Levels
Scavengers – animals that eat large dead animals. (gr 7)
Detrivores – small creatures that eat small dead animals, plants and dung. (Eg. crabs, earthworms, maggots, some ants.)
Decomposers
a type of detrivore that eats the last small amount of the dead material. (includes bacteria and fungi.) (gr 7)
Food Chains based on the Dead
Eg) grass cows (dung) beetles garter
snake owl
food chains with abiotic elements outnumber those without.
Pyramid of Numbers
usually the number of organisms decrease up trophic levels. Amount of energy decreases as you go up
each level 1st level has the most energy
draw pyramid on pg 14.
Reversed Pyramid of Numbers
Most animals/carnivores are larger than the prey they eat - exceptions
a single LARGE producer (tree) may provide food for many insects
draw pyramid on pg 15.
Pyramid of Biomass
Def’n. Biomass (the amount of mass of living material) Biomass more accurately tells the amount of
producer material supporting higher trophic levels than numbers do.
Why doesn’t the ocean system collapse? Phytoplankton reproduce faster than zooplankton can
eat them Zooplankton reproduce faster than fish can eat them
Draw diagram on p 16
Inverted Pyramid of Biomass
Occurs only when the producers reproduce REALLY fast. Eg) a few phytoplankton can be enough
food to support the much heavier zooplankton.
Draw diagram on p 16
Pyramid of Energy Flow
Most Energy Least Energy producers 1°consumers 2°consumers
3°consumers Usually about 10% of the energy goes to the next
level. (the rest used for life processes) Chains are rarely more than 4 links long.
Draw diagram on p 17
World Food SupplyEating Grain rather than Meat
World agriculture is trying to shorten food chains. Why?
See BLM 1-14
Pyramid of Energy Flow
Assignment Copy diagrams on p 14-17 BLM 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-9, 1-11,
1-12, & 1-14 Read pg 8 – 17 & do pg 17 #1 - 5
1.3 Populations
Populations – groups of individuals of the same species. Killer Whales p 18
Carrying Capacity – the largest population of a species that an environment can support.
Observe How Populations influence each other in a food web.
Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity is affected by:
1. higher trophic level: number of predators
2. lower trophic level: amount of food available
- Fox and rabbit cycle
Carrying Capacity is affected by:
3. availability of materials and energy: water, essential materials
4. competition: when populations grow individuals must compete with each other for food, mates, water, shade, etc.
Carrying Capacity (cont’d)
Competition
intraspecific competition – occurs within the same species.
interspecific competition – occurs between 2 different species with the same needs. Eg) wolves, pumas, coyotes compete for deer.
The number of individuals that can live in an area at one time.
some animals need more room than others.
crowding causes:
1. aggression
2. neglect of young
3. spread of disease or parasites
Population Density
Since items 1 – 3 depend on how crowded the animals are they are density-dependent factors. These increase in significance as the
population increases
density-independent factors don’t depend on population but affect population anyway. Eg) floods, droughts, or fires.
Density-dependent
Assignment
Read p 18-24 Do CYU pg 24 #1-6 BLM 1-17
Bioaccumulation
The tendency of pollutants to become more concentrated as you move up the food chain (trophic levels).
The pollution often damages or kills the organism because it is often poisonous.
Steps:
1. Plants work hard to take in nutrients and water (containing pollution) and use or store them. Pollution is stored accidentally and becomes concentrated.
2. Since most energy is lost between trophic levels, herbivores must eat a LOT of plants. The pollution is usually stored in the fats of the herbivores.
Steps (cont’d)
3. If the herbivore is caught and eaten, its fat is digested and the pollutant moves to the fat of the new consumer. The consumer must eat many herbivores in order to survive.
Example: Grass sprayed with chemical Mouse eats eats grass Hawk eats mouse
The DDT Story – Read pg 30-31 and do pg 32# 1-11
Read pg 25-34 and do pg 34 1-6
The DDT Story
1. DDT is sprayed on plants, they absorb it and it becomes part of their structure.
2. The organisms with the most DDT are dolphins with 5200 ppb.
The DDT Story
3. The dolphins are in the 3rd/4th trophic level.
4. The higher an organism is in the food chain, the more concentrated the DDT will be in its body.
5. The DDT is 430,000 times greater in the fish than in the seawater (43/0.0001) and 52 M times (5200/0.0001) greater in the dolphins.
The DDT Story
6. Animals at the top of the food chain are at a much greater risk because they are consuming prey that have high concentrations of the poisons in their tissues from eating contaminated organisms.
The DDT Story
7. DDT can affect organisms far away from the source because of:
a) Migration (migratory birds)
b) Large range (hawks)
The DDT Story
8. All organisms have a certain amount of permanent body fat. Because DDT doesn’t break down it eventually affects the organisms DNA. Affected cells may become cancerous. Desirable characteristics would be:
a) Water soluble
b) Shorter shelf life
c) Affected only the target pest
The DDT Story
8. DDT could have killed an insects competitors so its population could grow unchecked.
The DDT Story
11. Answers are:
a) Seabirds over the Bay of Fundy have higher levels of DDT. Reasons include:
Atlantic ocean is further from agricultural areas Seabirds food higher concentrations in B of F
b) Pesticide levels seem to have decreased between the late 60’s and early 80’s. DDT was banned in 1969.
c) Different level of body fat. Feed on larger prey
The DDT Story
In order for a pollutant to bioaccumulate it must be:
1. Long-lived.
2. Concentrated by the producers.
3. Fat-soluble.
Make notes on the harmful effects of the
following toxins: DDT Lead Dioxin PCB’s Mercury
DDT
Used to control mosquitoes and lice in the 50’s.
Not absorbed readily by human skin. Controversy over effect on humans Stays in human fat, especially breast
milk. Thinned eagle (birds of prey) egg shells Should it still be used today?
Lead
Roman aquaducts Historically found in gasoline, house
paint, pesticides, solder, fish wts., & ammunition
Anemia, N.S. damage, kidney damage, etc.
Most serious in pregnant women (miscarriage/stillbirth) and young children (more easily absorbed)
Dioxin
One of the most toxic chemicals Industrial by-product involving Cl
compounds. (paper bleaching, agent orange, etc.); Love Canal, ON
Incinerating chlorinated wastes Carcinogen (causes cancer) Reproductive & developmental problems,
Immune system damage, regulatory hormone interference
Source - fish
PCB’s
Non-flammable, chemical stability, high boiling point, & electrical insulating properties – very useful
Light ballasts Carcinogens, immune system, rep’ve
system, NS, etc.
Mercury
Ingested, inhaled or absorbed through skin
CNS and kidney damage Memory loss, hallucinations, tremors Pregnant women and children at greater
risk Fish is major source
Let Them Eat Cake
Free writing exercise. How did you feel when you saw how
much other groups got? How did you divide the cake within your
group? Did you do anything to get more cake, or
give any away?