Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts - Polk County School … Macro 1...1 Bike 2.The PER UNIT opportunity...
Transcript of Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts - Polk County School … Macro 1...1 Bike 2.The PER UNIT opportunity...
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Unit 1: Basic
Economic Concepts
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REVIEW 1. Explain relationship between scarcity and choices
2. Differentiate between positive & normative
3. Differentiate between price and cost
4. Explain the “Invisible Hand” of Capitalism
5. Differentiate between consumer and capital goods
6. Give examples of each of the 4 Factors of
Production
7. Define tradeoffs
8. Define opportunity cost
9. Differentiate between accounting costs and
economic costs
10.Name 10 different teachers at SPHS? 2
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Society has unlimited wants but unlimited resources
The Economizing Problem… Scarcity
WE HAVE A PROBLEM!!
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The Production
Possibilities Curve
(PPC) Using Economic Models…
Step 1: Explain concept in words
Step 2: Use numbers as examples
Step 3: Generate graphs from numbers
Step 4: Make generalizations using graph
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What is the Production Possibilities Curve?
• A production possibilities graph (PPG) is a model that shows alternative ways that an economy can use its scarce resources
• This model graphically demonstrates scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency.
4 Key Assumptions
• Only two goods can be produced
• Full employment of resources
• Fixed Resources (Ceteris Paribus)
• Fixed Technology 5
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a
b
c
d
e
f
14 12
9
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Bikes
Computers
NOW GRAPH IT: Put bikes on y-axis and
computers on x-axis
Production “Possibilities” Table
Each point represents a specific
combination of goods that can be
produced given full employment of
resources.
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Bik
es
Computers
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
A
B
C
D
E
G
Inefficient/
Unemployment
Impossible/Unattainable (given current resources)
Efficient
Production Possibilities How does the PPG graphically demonstrates scarcity,
trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency?
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2 Bikes
2.The opportunity cost of moving from b to d is…
4.The opportunity cost of moving from f to c is…
3.The opportunity cost of moving from d to b is…
7 Bikes
4 Computer
0 Computers
5.What can you say about point G?
Unattainable
1. The opportunity cost of
moving from a to b is…
Example:
Opportunity Cost
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The Production Possibilities
Curve (or Frontier)
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PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 CALZONES 4 3 2 1 0
• List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b,
b-c, c-d, and d-e.
• Constant Opportunity Cost- Resources are
easily adaptable for producing either good.
• Result is a straight line PPC (not common)
Production Possibilities
A B C D E
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PIZZA 20 19 16 10 0 ROBOTS 0 1 2 3 4
• List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b,
b-c, c-d, and d-e.
• Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost-
• As you produce more of any good, the
opportunity cost (forgone production of
another good) will increase.
• Why? Resources are NOT easily adaptable
to producing both goods.
• Result is a bowed out (Concave) PPC
A B C D E Production Possibilities
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Constant vs. Increasing
Opportunity Cost
Corn
Wheat
Cactus
Pineapples
Identify which product would have a straight line
PPC and which would be bowed out?
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1 Bike 2.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from b to c is…
4.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from d to e is…
3.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from c to d is…
1.5 (3/2) Bikes
2 Bikes
2.5 (5/2) Bikes
= Opportunity Cost
Units Gained
1. The PER UNIT opportunity cost
of moving from a to b is…
Example:
PER UNIT Opportunity Cost How much each marginal
unit costs
NOTICE: Increasing Opportunity Costs 13
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The Production Possibilities
Curve and Efficiency
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Productive Efficiency-
• Products are being produced in the
least costly way.
• This is any point ON the Production
Possibilities Curve
Allocative Efficiency-
• The products being produced are the
ones most desired by society.
• This optimal point on the PPC depends
on the desires of society.
Two Types of Efficiency
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Productive and Allocative Efficiency B
ike
s
Computers
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
A
B
C
D
F
E
Which points are productively efficient?
Which are allocatively efficient?
G
16
Productively Efficient combinations are A through D
Allocative Efficient combinations depend on
the wants of society (What if this represents a
country with no electricity?)
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Why two types of efficiency?
Size 20 running
shoes
Size 10 running shoes
A
Is combination “A” efficient? Yes and No. It is productively efficient but it is not the
combination society wants
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Shifting the Production
Possibilities Curve
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4 Key Assumptions Revisited
• Only two goods can be produced
• Full employment of resources
• Fixed Resources (4 Factors)
• Fixed Technology
What if there is a change?
3 Shifters of the PPC 1. Change in resource quantity or quality
2. Change in Technology
3. Change in Trade 19
Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What happens if
there is an increase
in population?
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Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What happens if
there is an increase
in population?
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Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What if there is a
technology improvement
in pizza ovens
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Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What if there is a
technology improvement
in pizza ovens
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Production Possibilities
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Panama – Favors
Consumer Goods
Mexico – Favors
Capital Goods
Consumer goods
Ca
pit
al
Goo
ds
Current
PPC
Future
PPC
Consumer goods
Ca
pit
al
Goo
ds
Future
PPC
Current
PPC
Capital Goods and Future Growth
Mexico Panama 24
Countries that produce more capital goods will have
more growth in the future.
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PPC Practice Draw a PPC showing changes for each of the
following:
Pizza and Robots (3)
1. New robot making technology
2. Decrease in the demand for pizza
3. Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows
Consumer goods and Capital Goods (4)
4. BP Oil Spill in the Gulf
5. Faster computer hardware
6. Many workers unemployed
7. Significant increases in education
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New robot making technology
Q
Q
Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
Question #1
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A shift only for Robots
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Decrease in the demand for pizza
Q
Q
Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
Question #2
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The curve doesn’t shift!
A change in demand
doesn’t shift the curve
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Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows
Q
Q
Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
Question #3
28
A shift inward only for
Pizza
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BP Oil Spill in the Gulf Q
Q
Ca
pit
al G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #4
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Decrease in resources
decrease production
possibilities for both
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Faster computer hardware Q
Q
Ca
pit
al G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #5
30
Quality of a resource
improves shifting the
curve outward
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Many workers unemployed Q
Q
Ca
pit
al G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #6
31
The curve doesn’t shift!
Unemployment is just a
point inside the curve
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Significant increases in education
Q
Q
Ca
pit
al G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #7
32
The quality of labor is
improved. Curve shifts
outward.
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Paul Solman Video
Production Possibilities
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