Unit 1Unit 11607-17631607-1763

Part 4Part 4

Three Regions:Three Regions:

SouthernSouthern

MiddleMiddle

New EnglandNew England

SouthernSouthern

One crop farming: rice, tobacco, One crop farming: rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton after 1793indigo, cotton after 1793

Plantation System = need for cheap Plantation System = need for cheap laborlabor Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude Slavery after Bacon’s RebellionSlavery after Bacon’s Rebellion

Piedmont area: small farms, poor, far Piedmont area: small farms, poor, far from waterfrom water

Navigable riversNavigable rivers

MiddleMiddle

Large family farms; estatesLarge family farms; estates

Produced grain, livestockProduced grain, livestock

Navigable rivers = no need for Navigable rivers = no need for townstowns

New EnglandNew England

Crumby land, climateCrumby land, climate Lumbering, ship building, fishingLumbering, ship building, fishing

Small family farmsSmall family farms

Religious issues set New England Religious issues set New England apartapart

Colonial Society: Colonial Society: Much Social MobilityMuch Social Mobility

The Upper Crust: Large landowners in The Upper Crust: Large landowners in south & mid section, NE merchants, ship south & mid section, NE merchants, ship owners, clergyowners, clergy

Puritan work ethic…God and material gainPuritan work ethic…God and material gain

Lowest class: Indentured Servants: often Lowest class: Indentured Servants: often traded passage for years of service BUT no traded passage for years of service BUT no stigmastigma

In 1660 13 of the 28 members of the House In 1660 13 of the 28 members of the House of Burgesses had been indentured servantsof Burgesses had been indentured servants

SlaverySlavery

First here in 1619…brought by a Dutch First here in 1619…brought by a Dutch ship to Jamestown but no one interestedship to Jamestown but no one interested

Not commonplace until after Bacon’s Not commonplace until after Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Most slaves were used in MINING Most slaves were used in MINING Came to America via the Middle Came to America via the Middle

PassagePassage Savage treatmentSavage treatment 30% died on the way30% died on the way 11 million total…forced migration11 million total…forced migration

SlaverySlavery

Slaves not protected by tradition, law or Slaves not protected by tradition, law or the Churchthe Church

1663 in Maryland: All African slaves 1663 in Maryland: All African slaves were slaves for lifewere slaves for life

Citizens could not free slaves if they Citizens could not free slaves if they wanted towanted to

Children of slaves same statusChildren of slaves same status Families were split upFamilies were split up Marriages not considered legally bindingMarriages not considered legally binding

SlavesSlaves

Slavery was considered absolutely Slavery was considered absolutely necessary for the southern economynecessary for the southern economy

Education of slaves was forbidden in Education of slaves was forbidden in most of the Southmost of the South

BUT slaves were not cheap. As BUT slaves were not cheap. As valuable property, they were treated valuable property, they were treated fairly well (considering)fairly well (considering)

SlavesSlaves

By 1672, the British had taken over the slave By 1672, the British had taken over the slave trade (asiento) from the Spanishtrade (asiento) from the Spanish

Monopoly was given to the Royal African Co. Monopoly was given to the Royal African Co. by the crownby the crown

Many northerners were morally opposed to Many northerners were morally opposed to slavery (Quakers)slavery (Quakers)

Before cotton was king, more slaves were used Before cotton was king, more slaves were used in the mining industry than on tobacco in the mining industry than on tobacco plantationsplantations

By the Revolution, Slavery was legal in ALL By the Revolution, Slavery was legal in ALL coloniescolonies

Native AmericansNative Americans 1600 100,000 Native Americans in NE1600 100,000 Native Americans in NE 1675 10,000 left…mostly smallpox1675 10,000 left…mostly smallpox

English policy was extermination English policy was extermination EXCEPT for the IroquoisEXCEPT for the Iroquois

View: Natives did not have permanent View: Natives did not have permanent dwellings so no crime in taking their dwellings so no crime in taking their landland

Puritans believed natives were children Puritans believed natives were children of the Devilof the Devil

Native AmericansNative Americans

Introduced colonists to corn and Introduced colonists to corn and planting, girdling trees, fertilizing, planting, girdling trees, fertilizing, dog issuesdog issues

Natives were more skillful in battle Natives were more skillful in battle but could not organize themselvesbut could not organize themselves

Were undone by smallpox and rumWere undone by smallpox and rum

The English and the Native The English and the Native AmericansAmericans

First major conflict: 1637 The First major conflict: 1637 The Pequot War in Conn.Pequot War in Conn.

1675 King Philip’s War in Mass. 1675 King Philip’s War in Mass. (Chief Metacomet of the (Chief Metacomet of the Wanpanoaga tribe)Wanpanoaga tribe)

The English won in both casesThe English won in both cases

Culture and EducationCulture and Education

Not much leisure time for the artsNot much leisure time for the arts Puritans thought most of it was vanityPuritans thought most of it was vanity Music, theater were immoralMusic, theater were immoral

Practical arts OK: furniture, baskets, Practical arts OK: furniture, baskets, quilting BUT not fancy…plain and quilting BUT not fancy…plain and usefuluseful

Portraits were OK tooPortraits were OK too

Noteworthy portrait Noteworthy portrait Painters:Painters:

John CopleyJohn Copley Benjamin WestBenjamin West

By 18By 18thth C. architecture was Georgian C. architecture was Georgian StyleStyle

LiteratureLiterature

Sermons like Sermons like Sinners in the Hands of Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godan Angry God by preacher Jonathan by preacher Jonathan EdwardsEdwards

Histories like Histories like A History of the Plymouth A History of the Plymouth PlantationPlantation by Bradford by Bradford

Diaries, Almanacs, etcDiaries, Almanacs, etc Poetry by Anne BradstreetPoetry by Anne Bradstreet

The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter

By HawthornBy Hawthorn Written LATERWritten LATER BUT was a commentary on Puritan BUT was a commentary on Puritan

New EnglandNew England

EducationEducation

Most important in New EnglandMost important in New England Puritan belief: All (even girls) should Puritan belief: All (even girls) should

be able to read the Biblebe able to read the Bible

1636 Harvard established to train 1636 Harvard established to train ministersministers

1647 Mass. General School Act: 1647 Mass. General School Act: communities taxed to provide for free communities taxed to provide for free public schoolspublic schools

EducationEducation

Middle Colonies: some schools; Middle Colonies: some schools; most through religious groupsmost through religious groups

BUT Middle colonies had the widest BUT Middle colonies had the widest variety of religious denominationsvariety of religious denominations

South: few schools. Farms too South: few schools. Farms too spread out. Not practical BUT spread out. Not practical BUT wealthy had governesses and tutorswealthy had governesses and tutors

EducationEducation

All colonial schools were primitive: few All colonial schools were primitive: few books, worked around the growing seasonbooks, worked around the growing season

BUT higher proportion of literacy in the BUT higher proportion of literacy in the colonies in America than anywhere else on colonies in America than anywhere else on earthearth

At first universities only to train ministersAt first universities only to train ministers Later (18Later (18thth C.) a growing interest in science C.) a growing interest in science

UniversitiesUniversities

The Enlightenment caused folks to The Enlightenment caused folks to demand university courses in demand university courses in science and universities respondedscience and universities responded

Colleges brought men together and Colleges brought men together and served to break down local loyaltiesserved to break down local loyalties

ReligionReligion

Greatest variety in the Middle Greatest variety in the Middle coloniescolonies

NE: Congregationalists and other NE: Congregationalists and other Protestant groupsProtestant groups

South: Anglican and othersSouth: Anglican and others

All religions NOT equal before the law All religions NOT equal before the law even after the Glorious Revolutioneven after the Glorious Revolution

The First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening 1730-17441730-1744

A colony-wide religious revivalA colony-wide religious revival Salvation through the grace of GodSalvation through the grace of God Message away from doctrineMessage away from doctrine Preached Hellfire and brimstonePreached Hellfire and brimstone J. Edwards and J. Edwards and Sinners in the Hands…Sinners in the Hands… Gilbert Tenant (Presbyterian) in Middle Gilbert Tenant (Presbyterian) in Middle

coloniescolonies George Whitefield (Methodist but preached in George Whitefield (Methodist but preached in

many colonies. He had impressed Benjamin many colonies. He had impressed Benjamin Franklin who was a Deist.Franklin who was a Deist.

The First Great The First Great AwakeningAwakening

Reduced the sharpness of the Reduced the sharpness of the differences between the coloniesdifferences between the colonies

People confessed their sins openlyPeople confessed their sins openly Sermons scared them to deathSermons scared them to death

By 1744 it was overBy 1744 it was over People joined Anglican church. They People joined Anglican church. They

were embarrassed by their emotional were embarrassed by their emotional excessesexcesses

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment(The Age of Reason)(The Age of Reason)

Emphasized reliance on reason; rational Emphasized reliance on reason; rational thinkingthinking

Newton’s Natural Laws of the universeNewton’s Natural Laws of the universe Adam Smith: Supply and demand ARE Adam Smith: Supply and demand ARE

natural laws of economicsnatural laws of economics

The well-rounded man: Jefferson and The well-rounded man: Jefferson and Franklin (Did they represent the typical Franklin (Did they represent the typical American or were they exceptional?)American or were they exceptional?)

DeismDeism The “rational” religionThe “rational” religion Accepted the existence of a creatorAccepted the existence of a creator BUT once the universe was created, the BUT once the universe was created, the

Creator’s presence was not necessary as Creator’s presence was not necessary as natural laws of the universe kept things natural laws of the universe kept things running.running.

Jefferson, Franklin and most other real Jefferson, Franklin and most other real students of the Enlightenment embraced students of the Enlightenment embraced Deism…God as a watchmaker.Deism…God as a watchmaker.

ScienceScience

Professorships in science were Professorships in science were offered at Wm and Mary, Harvard, offered at Wm and Mary, Harvard, King’s College (now Columbia)King’s College (now Columbia)

Rittenhouse built the first American Rittenhouse built the first American Orrery (model of the solar system)Orrery (model of the solar system)

25 Americans were elected to the 25 Americans were elected to the Royal Society to Promote Scientific Royal Society to Promote Scientific KnowledgeKnowledge

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Cotton Mather (one of our foremost Cotton Mather (one of our foremost experts on witches and witchcraft) experts on witches and witchcraft) promoted inoculation against smallpoxpromoted inoculation against smallpox

John Bartram (an American) was John Bartram (an American) was appointed royal botanist to King appointed royal botanist to King George IIIGeorge III

John Locke: Man can gain knowledge John Locke: Man can gain knowledge and power over the universe through and power over the universe through observation and experiment.observation and experiment.

Newspapers and booksNewspapers and books Type and paper were expensive so there Type and paper were expensive so there

were few subscribers to newspapers, were few subscribers to newspapers, etc, BUT many, many readersetc, BUT many, many readers

Peter Zenger 1734 NY brought charges Peter Zenger 1734 NY brought charges in the press against NY’s Royal in the press against NY’s Royal Governor. Was jailed, tried but Governor. Was jailed, tried but acquitted. Not guilty since charges acquitted. Not guilty since charges were true…a landmark case for freedom were true…a landmark case for freedom of the pressof the press

The CalendarThe Calendar Until 1752 Dutch, Germans, Swedes and Until 1752 Dutch, Germans, Swedes and

most from the continent used the New Style most from the continent used the New Style calendarcalendar

The English used the Julian (old style) The English used the Julian (old style) calendarcalendar

A ten-day problem with some holidaysA ten-day problem with some holidays The English switched overThe English switched over Also, NE Congregationalists and Delaware Also, NE Congregationalists and Delaware

Quakers had their own version of the Julian Quakers had their own version of the Julian calendar…stripped of pagan referencescalendar…stripped of pagan references

Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment

Few incarcerations…too costly to the Few incarcerations…too costly to the communitycommunity

Public humiliation or execution insteadPublic humiliation or execution instead

Funerals more public and social than Funerals more public and social than weddingsweddings

Recreation: sledding, sleigh rides where Recreation: sledding, sleigh rides where there were horses and snow, hunting, there were horses and snow, hunting, fishing, horse racing, bull baiting, cock fishing, horse racing, bull baiting, cock fightingfighting

The SabbathThe Sabbath

Celebrated differently depending on Celebrated differently depending on where one waswhere one was

Puritans: Rigid. Could not grind Puritans: Rigid. Could not grind corn, or work at all. The sheriff corn, or work at all. The sheriff could not even arrest criminalscould not even arrest criminals

The Dutch: taverns were openThe Dutch: taverns were open

TriviaTrivia Bed and Board (Chairman)Bed and Board (Chairman) Diets (beverages until mid 17Diets (beverages until mid 17thth C not C not

much)much) TrenchersTrenchers CutleryCutlery BathingBathing Home HeatingHome Heating Chimney cleaningChimney cleaning To crack a smile…To crack a smile… Marriage Age…lower as time went onMarriage Age…lower as time went on