Unit 06 – Connect Internet Hardware Components_new

Unit 06 – Connect Internal hardware components

Trimester Document #

Subject Syllabus Connect Internal hardware components

Unit 06

Unit Duration

BSUBA-1 Unit 1 Lesson Plan Revision 2023-04-28

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Lesson 1 Identify, categorize and distinguish hardware componentsContents1.1 Identify and categorize different internal hardware components

1.1.1 Adapter Card Components1.1.2 Cooling system components1.1.3 CPU components1.1.4 Display devices1.1.5 Memory Components1.1.6 Motherboard Components1.1.7 Power supply Components 1.1.8 Storage devices and backup media Components

1.2 Explain the purpose and characteristics of different internal hardware component categories1.2.1 Purpose and characteristics of Adapter card components1.2.2 Purpose and characteristics of cooling system components1.2.3 Purpose and characteristics of CPU components1.2.4 Purpose and characteristics of Display devices1.2.5 Purpose and characteristics of Memory Components1.2.6 Purpose and characteristics of Motherboard Components1.2.7 Purpose and characteristics of Power supply Components 1.2.8 Purpose and characteristics of Storage devices and backup media Components

1.3 Distinguish between the different types of devices within each internal hardware component category 1.3.1 Difference between fan cooling and liquid cooling 1.3.2 Difference between CRT and LCD1.3.3 Difference between DDR2 and DDR3 1.3.4 Difference between Magnetic Tape and Hard Disk Derive

Lesson Objectives

Skill Learning OutcomesWhen the student completes this lesson, they should be able to:

1. Prepare to use computer and keyboarding skills. 1.1Identify and apply keyboard function for both alpha and numeric keyboards. 1.2 Apply touch typing technique to complete tasks. 1.3 Develop speed and accuracy in accordance with workplace requirements for level of responsibility.

Knowledge Learning Outcomes When the student completes this lesson, they will:

2. Understand keyboarding skills. 1) Enter text data. 2) Enter numeric data.


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OverviewComputer hardware means physical parts or components of a computer such as the mouse, keyboard, monitor, storage, hard disk, etc. all of these are physical objects that we can touch. In this section, we will identify, categorize and distinguish various hardware components.

1.1 Identify and categorize different internal hardware componentsInternal hardware components are hardware components connected into the computer. Following are the categories of internal hardware components.

1.1.1 Adapter Card Components

An adapter card, sometimes called an expansion card, is a circuit board that enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals.

An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card.

Figure: PCI Expansion Slot

Following is a list of a variety of types of adapter cards:

1. Communications Adapter cards:

2. Input/output (I/O) Card

3. Multimedia cards

4. Video Card

1.1.2 Cooling system components

As you know a computer system made by the electronic components, they create heat. A computer system requires to a cooling system to do its work properly.

Cooling system removes excess heat from a computer system. CPUs, chipset, graphics cards, and hard disk drives are components that generate heat and these can be permanent failure if overheated.

1. Fans

2. Heat Sinks

3. Liquid Cooling Systems


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1.1.3 CPU components

CPU components help to the computer to perform various computing functions. These CPU components work together and do the operations given by you.

Main CPU components are:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

2. Control Unit and

3. Registers.

1.1.4 Display devices

A display device (also known as a monitor) is an electronic visual display for computers. It shows the result of your work with computer.

The display devices used commonly can be classified as below:

1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display

2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display

1.1.5 Memory Components

Memory, also called RAM (Random Access Memory) is used to store data in the computer. When you power on your computer, it loads all the important information from hard disk to do your work. RAM allows your computer to perform faster. More memory means more speed of computer. There are two types of RAMs: DDR2 and DDR3. Current standard for RAM is DDR3.

1.1.6 Motherboard Components

Motherboard is printed circuit board which binds all the components of a computer. There are primarily two types of motherboards: AT motherboard and ATX motherboard. AT motherboards are older and not commonly used now days. We will learn about the various components of motherboard in further section.

1.1.7 Power supply Components

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer. A PSU is not usually user serviceable. For your safety, it's usually wise to never open a power supply unit. The components of PSU are shown in following figure:


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Figure: Components of PSU

1.1.8 Storage devices and backup media Components

Storage media holds the data being accessed, as well as the files the system needs to operate, and the data that needs to be saved. The many different types of storage differ in terms of their capacity, access time, and the physical type of media used.

1. Floppy disk drives

2. Hard disk drives

3. Solid state drives

4. Solid state devices

5. Optical drives

6. Removable storage

7. Swappable devices

8. Tape drives

1.2 Explain the purpose and characteristics of different internal hardware component categoriesLet’s see the purpose and characteristics of different internal hardware components according to their categories.

1.2.1 Purpose and characteristics of Adapter card components

Here we will learn about the purpose and characteristics of variety of adapter cards:


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1. Communications Adapter cards: Communications Adapter cards including Network Interface Card (NIC) and modem card.

A network interface card is an interface card that allows communication with other computers and resources on the network. A network interface card is shown below:

Figure: Network Interface Card

Most home and portable computers connect to the Internet through dial-up connection. The modem card provides the connection interface to the Internet service provider.

Figure: Modem Card

A modem card will have two RJ-11 connectors, one for the phone line input, and the other for the phone line output. The PCI interface plugs into a PCI slot on the motherboard.

2. Input/output (I/O) Card: Input/Output card allowing creation of almost any kind of specialized I/O function.


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Figure: Input/Output Card

3. Multimedia cards: One of the most common cards would have to be the sound card. Sound cards do exactly what you would expect; they generate sound signals to be sent to your speakers and sound systems. In most cases, they are also usually where you would find a microphone or input jack for recording.

Figure: Multimedia Card

4. Video Card: A video card, also called a graphics card, converts computer output into a video signal that travels through a cable to the monitor, which displays an image on the screen.

Figure: Video Card

1.2.2 Purpose and characteristics of cooling system components

Here we will learn about the purpose and characteristics of various cooling system components:

1. Fans: A fan is used to cool your computer system. Fans may be fitted to the computer case or attached to CPUs, chipset, PSU, hard drives, or as cards plugged into an expansion slot. Common fan sizes include 40, 60, 80, 92, 120, and 140 mm.


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Figure: Fan in CPU

2. Heat Sinks: In computers, heat sinks are used to cool central processing units or graphics processors. A heat sink is devices that dissolve heat into the surrounding air.

A heat sink without a fan is called a passive heat sink; a heat sink with a fan is called an active heat sink. Heat sinks are generally made of an aluminium alloy and often have fins.

Figure: Heat Sink

3. Liquid Cooling Systems

Liquid cooling, commonly called also water cooling. Its main purpose is to transfer heat (energy) from critical computer components away from them as quickly and effectively as possible. The typical loop consists of the following components as seen on the diagram below:


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Fan

Figure: Liquid cooling system loop

1. Water Block: Water Block absorbs the heat from the component of computer.

2. Radiator: It has a cooling fan. This unit removes all the absorbed heat into air.

3. Reservoir: Reservoir serves as a pot for the coolant (Example: water).

4. Water pump: Pump provides the flow of coolant in a liquid cooling loop. Without it liquid cooling system does not work.

1.2.3 Purpose and characteristics of CPU components

As we have study that CPU has three main components Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), and Registers. Let’s see the purpose and characteristics these CPU components.

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU is an electronic circuitry which executes all arithmetic (like addition) and logical operations (like AND). It performs arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It can compare numbers, letters, or special characters.

2. Control Unit (CU): There is circuitry in the control unit which uses electrical signals to instruct the whole computer system for executing already stored program instructions. The controls unit can control and co-ordinates computer components. It extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them. It regulates the flow of information through the processor. In other word, it can receive, decodes, stores results and manages execution of data that flows through the CPU. Its communication with both ALU and memory is unavoidable.

3. Registers: Registers are small, fastest but temporary storage areas which are responsible for holding the data that is to be processed. They store the instructions and data in a processor. This data is further used by Control Unit. There are some registers that are set aside for specific tasks, these generally include a program counter, stack, and flags.

CPU Manufacturer


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There are two leading computer processor manufacturers: Intel and AMD. These two companies have always been the top two processor manufacturers.

1. Intel: Intel is the world’s largest CPU manufacturer. Intel processors are marketed as the Pentium, Core, and Extreme Edition series. Intel CPUs tend to be favoured by those seeking major power in their processors. Intel processors are generally more expensive than AMD processors. The one exception to higher-powered processors developed by Intel is its Celeron processor.

2. AMD: AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is the second largest supplier of the CPUs. It is considered to be the second best in the CPU market. AMD produces the Phenom and Athlon series, among others. AMD processors still offer plenty of speed and processing power, but without the higher price. It is favoured by those who do not need major power in their processor.

CPU Factors to Consider

One of the main factors to consider when picking the best CPU for a computer is how the computer will be used. There are a number of factors to help you to determining the best choice, including the number of cores, clock speed, and cache.

1. Cores: A multi-core processor is a processing system composed of two or more independent processing cores. More processing cores mean there is literally more than one processing engine within the same CPU package, essentially like a sports car with more than one turbo charger.

More cores allow computer systems to be more responsive while multi-tasking and multiple cores also help numerous applications specifically coded for multiple core processors to perform much faster.

When shopping for a computer look for a processor that contains the most cores, especially if you are a power user or into digital media applications, you may just notice a big performance increase. Many digital media apps like Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere Pro, and others will benefit from multiple processing cores.

2. Cache: Cache is very important processor feature. Cache acts as a buffer between your RAM and the CPU to speed up the processors internal processing. Cache is essentially a super-fast memory technology that resides inside the CPU. It holds recently accessed or pre-fetched instructions so the processor can grab them quickly to operate more efficiently. Pulling data and instructions from RAM takes much longer than pulling it from a cache. A larger cache size can improve overall CPU performance.

3. Clock Speed: The CPUs clock speed/rate is the rate in cycles per second that the processors internal clock operates. A CPUs clock speed is a frequency that is measured in hertz. For example, you may see a processor's speed measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). 1000 MHz equals 1 GHz. A modern processors clock speed is rated in gigahertz.

The clock speed actually used to be the main determining factor of how fast a processor is, and generally a faster clock speed equalled better performance.

1.2.4 Purpose and characteristics of Display devices

Let’s see purpose and characteristics of display devices. The display devices used commonly can be classified as below:

1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display: CRT display is the most commonly used form of display devices.


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Figure: A CRT monitor

The various characteristics of CRT display are:

Highest resolution technology

Excellent image fidelity

High speed Emits EM radiation

Bandwidth (350 MHz) Must be refreshed

Excellent contrast/gray scale

High luminous efficiency

Bright display

Simplicity of interface

Long life and reliability

Low cost per resolution element

2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display: LCD monitors have completely out-dated CRT monitors due to their higher quality, smaller size on the desk, and small price. TFT is a variant of LCD which is now the main technology used for computer monitors.

Figure: A TFT monitor

The various characteristics of CRT display are:

Produces very bright images due to high peak intensity.

Produce considerably lower electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields than CRTs.

Energy efficient.

Take up about 40% less desk space.

Completely flat screen.

At the native resolution, the image is perfectly sharp.

The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed.


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Not proficient at producing black and very dark greys.

Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level.

Considerably more expensive than CRTs

1.2.5 Purpose and characteristics of Memory Components

Now days, there are two types of RAM used:

The older type of RAM is DDR2. The newest type which has become the standard for computer is called DDR3. DDR3 is able run at higher speeds and there for higher bandwidths. We go into speed and bandwidth in a moment.

Figure: SAMSUNG 2GB DDR2 RAM and Transcend 2GB DDR3 RAM

Memory comes in the form of a stick that attaches to the computer's motherboard through a memory slot. The memory stick is actually made up of several individual memory chips, that when added up, combine to create the storage capacity of the memory stick. Memory sticks come in capacities of 512MB and 1, 2, 4 or 8GB.

Speed of Memory

The speed of the RAM is also important. The speed of memory is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) and ranges from 400 MHz to 2000 MHz or 2 GHz and up. You must choose such a motherboard that can handle fastest RAM.

Another measurement of RAM speed is called CAS. Column Address Strobe (CAS) latency, or CL, is the delay time between the moment a memory controller tells the memory module to access a particular memory column on a RAM and the moment the data from the given array location is available on the RAM's output pins. In general, lower CAS is better.

It’s measured in nano-seconds (ns) and comes in speeds of between 7 and 12ns for DDR3 RAM.

To convert from bandwidth to the speed of RAM, you either multiply or divide by 8. So if you want to find the speed of PC3 12800 RAM, divide by 8 and you get 1600, or 1600 MHz, which is the actual speed of PC3 12800 DDR2 RAM. To go from speed to bandwidth you multiply by 8.

1.2.6 Purpose and characteristics of Motherboard Components

The components of an ATX motherboard are shown in following figure:


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Figure: Components of an ATX motherboard

1. Mouse & keyboard: Keyboard Connectors are two types basically. All PCs have a Key board port connected directly to the motherboard. The oldest, but still quite common type is a special DIN. The AT-style keyboard connector is quickly disappearing, being replaced by the smaller mini DIN PS/2-style keyboard connector.

You can use an AT-style keyboard with a PS/2-style socket by using a converter. Although the AT connector is unique in PCs, the PS/2-style mini-DIN is also used in more modern PCs for the mouse. Some keyboards have a USB connection, but these are fairly rare compared to the PS/2 connection keyboards.

2. USB (Universal Serial bus): USB is the General-purpose connection for PC. You can find USB versions of many different devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. A USB connector's distinctive rectangular shape makes it easily recognizable.

3. Parallel Port: Most printers use a special connector called a parallel port. Parallel port carries data on more than one wire, as opposed to the serial port, which uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female DB connector. Parallel ports are directly supported by the motherboard through a direct connection or through a dangle.

4. CPU Chip: The CPU (also called Microprocessor) performs all the calculations that take place inside a computer. CPUs come in variety of shapes and sizes. Modern CPUs generate a lot of heat and thus require a cooling fan or heat sink. The cooling device (such as a cooling fan) is removable, although some CPU manufactures sell the CPU with a fan permanently attached.

5. RAM Slots: Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores programs and data currently being used by the CPU. RAM is measured in units called bytes. RAM has been packaged in many different ways. The most current package is called a 168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory module).


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6. Floppy Controller: The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. A floppy controller is one that is used to control the floppy drive.

7. IDE controller: Industry standards define two common types of hard drives: EIDE and SCSI. Majority of the PCs use EIDE drives. The EIDE drive connects to the hard drive via a 2-inch-wide, 40-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. IDE controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive.

8. PCI slot: Intel introduced the Peripheral component interconnect bus protocol. The PCI bus is used to connect I/O devices (such as NIC or RAID controllers) to the main logic of the computer. PCI bus has replaced the ISA bus.

9. ISA slot: ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) is the standard architecture of the expansion bus. Motherboard may contain some slots to connect ISA compatible cards.

10. CMOS Battery: CMOS battery provides power when the computer is turned off all motherboards comes with a battery. These batteries mount on the motherboard.

11. AGP slot: If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that looks like a PCI slot, but is slightly shorter and usually brown. You can insert video card into this slot. This is an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) slot.

12. CPU slot: To install the CPU, just slide it straight down into the slot. Special notches in the slot make it impossible to install them incorrectly.

13. Power supply plug-in: The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical power to make the pc operate. The power supply takes standard 110-V AC power and converts into +/-12-Volt, +/-5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power. The power supply connector has 20-pins, and the connector can go in only one direction.

1.2.7 Purpose and characteristics of Power supply Components

The industry makes ATX-based power supplies components. ATX is an industry specification that means the power supply has the physical characteristics to fit a standard ATX case and the electrical characteristics to work with an ATX motherboard.

Characteristics of Power supply Components are:

A power supply converts 110V or 220V AC current into the DC voltages that a computer needs to operate.

These are +3.3VDC, +5VDC, −5VDC, +12VDC, and −12VDC.

The jacket on the leads carrying each type of voltage has a different industry-standard color coding for faster recognition.

Black ground leads offer the reference that gives the voltage leads their respective magnitudes. The +3.3VDC voltage was first offered on ATX motherboards.

1.2.8 Purpose and characteristics of Storage devices and backup media Components

Here we will learn about the purpose and characteristics of various types of storage devices and backup media.

1. Floppy disk drives


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A Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) is a computer disk drive that enables a user to save data. First FDD was made in 1971, other sizes of floppy disk are 5 1/4" and 3 1/2". Today, because of the limited capacity and reliability of floppy disk is no longer come with computer and it has being replaced with CD, Pan-drives.

Figure: Floppy and Floppy disc derive

2. Hard disk drives

The hard disk drive is the main and largest data storage device in your computer. The operating system, other software and your files are always stored in the hard disk drive.

Figure: Hard disc derive

3. Solid state drives

Short for Solid-State Drive or Solid-State Disk (SSD) is a drive that uses memory chip to store your data. It does same work as HDD; the difference between them is SSD has not any moving part as in HDD.

Figure: Solid-State Drive

4. Solid State Devices


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The ‘solid-state’ means ‘no moving parts’. Solid-state devices are storage devices with no moving parts (no reels of tape, no spinning discs, no laser beams, etc.). Solid-state storage devices store data using a special type of memory chip. Its example are pan drive, memory card and smart card.

5. Optical Drives

Optical storage devices save data as patterns of dots that can be read using laser beam. Dots can be created using the laser beam (during writing of data). The beam is used in a high-power mode to actually mark the surface of the medium, making a dot. This process is known as ‘burning’ data onto a disc. Their examples are CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-Ray, and HD DVD.

6. Removable Storage

Removable media is any type of storage device that can be removed from a computer while the system is running. Removable media makes it easy for a user to move data from one computer to another. Examples of removable media include CDs, DVDs and Blu-Ray disks, as well as diskettes and USB drives.

7. Swappable Devices

Swappable devices are storage devices that can replace without shutting down the computer system. Examples of swappable devices are memory disk (like CDs, DVDs and Blu-Ray disks), and USB drives.

8. Tape Drives

A tape drive is a storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape. Tape storage is used for bulk data storage. It stores data into sequential manner. It is cheapest storage device.

Figure: Magnetic Tape and Derive

1.3 Distinguish between the different types of devices within each internal hardware component category

1.3.1 Difference between fan cooling and liquid cooling

Factors Fan cooling Liquid cooling

Price Cheap Costly

During much heat

Fan cooling is a poor solution when computer generates too much heat.

If a computer generates too much heat, liquid cooling can be a better solution.


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Efficient Less efficient than liquid cooling Liquid cooling is more efficient than air cooling.

Compatibility issues

Fan cooling can cause compatibility issues with the components.

Liquid cooling can cause compatibility issues with the components.

Installation Easy to install Easy to install

Maintenance Maintenance-free Maintenance-free

1.3.2 Difference between CRT and LCD

Factors CRT LCDStands for Cathode Ray Tube Liquid Crystal Display

Size CRT is weighted, bulky and large in size. LCD is light, compact and thin in size.

Power Consumption

It consumes High power It consumes Low power

Image Flickering Image Flickering is there in CRT No Image Flickering is there in LCD

Color CRT is like Black LCD is like White

Cost It is less expensive It is more expensive

Image Forming Electron Gun is used to form images Liquid crystals are used to form images

Response CRT having good response. LCD having slow response.

Where Used CRT is used in Televisions and was used in old computer monitors.

LCD is used in flat screens.

1.3.3 Difference between DDR2 and DDR3

Factors DDR2 DDR3Stands for Double Data Rate 2 Double Data Rate 2

Data processing per clock cycle

DDR2 is twice as fast as DDR which means twice as much data is carried to the module for each clock cycle.

DDR3 is supposed to act twice as fast as DDR2 memories.

Speed DDR2 speeds range between 400 MHz (DDR2-400) and 800 MHz (DDR2-800)

DDR3 speeds range between 800 MHz (DDR3-800) and 1600 MHz (DDR3-1600)

Data Transfer DDR2-400 transfers 3200 MB/s.

DDR2-800 transfers 6400 MB/s.

DDR3-800 transfers 6400 MB/s

DDR3-1600 transfers 12800 MB/s.

Power DDR2 uses more power than DDR3 DDR3 uses significantly less power than DDR2


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1.3.4 Difference between Magnetic Tape and Hard Disk Derive

Factors Magnetic Tape Hard Disk Derive

Magnetic material

The magnetic recording material on a cassette tape is coated onto a thin plastic strip.

In a hard disk, the magnetic recording material is layered onto a high-precision aluminium or glass disk.

Data Reading With a tape, you have to fast-forward or reverse to get to any particular point on the tape. This can take several minutes with a long tape.

On a hard disk, you can move to any point on the surface of the disk almost instantly.

Read-Write Head

In a tape, the read/write head touches the tape directly.

In a hard disk, the read/write head "flies" over the disk, never actually touching it.

Speed The tape in a tape deck moves over the head at about 2 inches per second.

A hard-disk platter can spin underneath its head at speeds up to 3,000 inches per second.

Price Cheap Costly


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Unit 06 – Connect Internet Hardware Components_new

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