Unique - (DHRA)
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Inventing Towns, Reshaping Places: Life and DeathInventing Towns, Reshaping Places: Life and Deathin Early Bronze Age of the southern Levantin Early Bronze Age of the southern Levant
Meredith S. ChessonMeredith S. ChessonUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre Dame
Southern LevantSouthern Levant
Early Bronze Age I - III: Early Bronze Age I - III: 3600 - 2350 B.C.E.3600 - 2350 B.C.E.
Intermediate Bronze / EBA IV: Intermediate Bronze / EBA IV: 2350 - 2000 B.C.E.2350 - 2000 B.C.E.
Why build large walls with towers and gatesWhy build large walls with towers and gatesaround a community?around a community?
Why at this point in time?Why at this point in time?
Early Bronze Age TransformationsEarly Bronze Age Transformations
Increasing social differentiation (individualIncreasing social differentiation (individualand group) seen in mortuary practicesand group) seen in mortuary practices
Slab-built Tomb atSlab-built Tomb at Safi/NaqaSafi/Naqa
Non-residential storage facilitiesNon-residential storage facilities
Granary at BetGranary at Bet Yerah Yerah
Intensification ofIntensification ofagriculturalagriculturalproductionproduction(irrigation(irrigation
technology,technology,waterwater
management,management,ownership, use,ownership, use,surplus storagesurplus storage
and management)and management)
Irrigated fields onIrrigated fields on Wadi Zarqa Wadi Zarqa
PopulationPopulationaggregation inaggregation in
walledwalledcommunitiescommunities
West Gate atWest Gate at Bab edh Bab edh--DhraDhra’’
•• How can we relateHow can we relateemergence of walled townsemergence of walled townsto intensified agriculturalto intensified agriculturaland pastoral production?and pastoral production?
•• How can we trace newHow can we trace newideas about community,ideas about community,property, ownership, andproperty, ownership, andobligations with theobligations with theinvention of walled towns?invention of walled towns?
Look to connections inLook to connections inthe landthe land
Landscape and Place-makingLandscape and Place-making
Practice Theory and Agency StudiesPractice Theory and Agency Studies
Performance and Lived ExperiencePerformance and Lived Experience
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““community comescommunity comesinto being throughinto being through
enculturation ofenculturation ofpeople to a localpeople to a local
history embeddedhistory embeddedin placesin places””
((Whitridge Whitridge 2004:2004:220-1)220-1)
Early EB II slab tomb,Early EB II slab tomb, Naq Naq’’aa//SafiSafi
Reconstruction of MortuaryReconstruction of MortuaryPractices in Early EB II slab tomb,Practices in Early EB II slab tomb,
NaqNaq’’aa//SafiSafi
Reconstruction of EB II-III WalledReconstruction of EB II-III WalledTown ofTown of Numeira Numeira Permanence, durability, and visibilityPermanence, durability, and visibility
Rituals, traditions, and identityRituals, traditions, and identity
Daily and Seasonal RhythmsDaily and Seasonal Rhythms
Local knowledge and regional dynamicsLocal knowledge and regional dynamics
““body as a metaphor forbody as a metaphor forsociety, as instrument ofsociety, as instrument oflived experience, and aslived experience, and assurface of inscriptionsurface of inscription””
(Joyce 2005: 140)(Joyce 2005: 140)
Experience of Living and DyingExperience of Living and Dying(and being studied) at(and being studied) at
Bab edh-Dhra`Bab edh-Dhra`
EB PLACES:EB PLACES:EB II-III TownEB II-III Townofof Bab edh-Bab edh-
DhraDhra’’, Jordan, Jordan
TerracedTerracedHousesHouses
Agricultural Fields inAgricultural Fields in Wadi Wadi
West GateWest Gate
EastEastGateGateandand
PlazaPlazaAreaArea
Sanctuary ASanctuary ACemeteryCemetery
FortificationFortificationWallsWalls
Enclosedresidentialcompounds
Fortification Walls
Street
Residential andResidential andNon-Residential Space atNon-Residential Space at
Khirbet es-ZeraqonKhirbet es-Zeraqon
Gate
Street
Enclosed ritualcomplex
Enclosedresidentialcompound
Enclosedadministrative
complex
Fortification walls
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Winnowing /threshing area
Metallurgical activities
Residential Structures
Residential PlacesResidential Places
Numeira Numeira houseshouses
Reconstruction of terraced residential area,Reconstruction of terraced residential area, Bab edh Bab edh--DhraDhra`̀
RitualRitualSpace atSpace at
Khirbet es-Khirbet es-ZeraqonZeraqon
Wooden beamWooden beamwith notching onwith notching on
floor of Sanctuaryfloor of SanctuaryA,A, Bab edh-DhraBab edh-Dhra’’
MudbrickMudbrickcourtyard floorcourtyard floor
near altarnear altarSanctuary A,Sanctuary A, Bab Bab
edhedh--DhraDhra’’
CressetCresset
CressetCresset
Seal ImpressionSeal Impression
ArchitecturalArchitecturalVocabularies for SacredVocabularies for Sacred
Space?Space?
Pillared White Building atPillared White Building atYarmouthYarmouth
BetBet YerahYerahGranary:Granary:
AgriculturalAgriculturalProduction inProduction in
a Staplea StapleFinanceFinance
EconomyEconomy
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EBA sites with olive andEBA sites with olive andgrape fruit, pits, or woodgrape fruit, pits, or wood
Large deposit of grapes atLarge deposit of grapes at NumeiraNumeira
EB Olive oil processing site inEB Olive oil processing site in Wadi Ziqlab Wadi Ziqlab, northern Jordan, northern Jordan
WaterWatermanagementmanagement
atat JawaJawa
Watercollection
pools
Watercollection
poolsDeflection
wall
Irrigatedfields
Water as key resource in townsWater as key resource in townsand fieldsand fields
Collective CivicCollective CivicProjectsProjects
Irrigation systemsIrrigation systemsAdministrative complexesAdministrative complexes
Fortification systemsFortification systems
New Walled Towns and New New Walled Towns and New ViewscapesViewscapes
Staple Finance EconomyStaple Finance Economy
Property, Ownership, and AccessProperty, Ownership, and Access
Collective Labor and Civic ProjectsCollective Labor and Civic Projects
EB Mortuary EvidenceEB Mortuary Evidence
Dolmen field,Dolmen field, Wadi Wadi el-el-YabisYabis, Jordan, Jordan
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•• Excavations 1965, 1967 (P.Excavations 1965, 1967 (P.Lapp); survey/excavationsLapp); survey/excavations1973-1983, 1989-90 (W.1973-1983, 1989-90 (W. RastRastand T.and T. SchaubSchaub); mapping 2004); mapping 2004(T.(T. Schaub Schaub and M. Chesson)and M. Chesson)
•• Early Bronze Age sites on theEarly Bronze Age sites on thesoutheastern Dead Sea Plainsoutheastern Dead Sea Plain(c. 3150 - 2000 bce(c. 3150 - 2000 bce uncaluncal))
•• 2 walled town sites (2 walled town sites (Bab edh-Bab edh-DhraDhra’’ andand NumeiraNumeira))
•• 4 cemeteries (4 cemeteries (Bab edh-DhraBab edh-Dhra’’,,FeifaFeifa,, Safi/NaqaSafi/Naqa,, KhKh.. KhanazirKhanazir))
•• Publication ongoing:Publication ongoing: NumeiraNumeirais current focusis current focus
Bab edh-DhraBab edh-Dhra’’ Cemetery in 1979Cemetery in 1979
Early Bronze Age Occupation on southeastern Dead Sea PlainEarly Bronze Age Occupation on southeastern Dead Sea Plain
Village, shaft tombs, circular Ch. Houses atVillage, shaft tombs, circular Ch. Houses atBab edhBab edh--DhraDhra`; cist, slab tombs at`; cist, slab tombs at Safi Safi//NaqaNaqa
EB IB / early II:EB IB / early II:c. 3050-2900 bcec. 3050-2900 bce
EB IB / early IIEB IB / early II
EB IVEB IV
Village, shaft tombs atVillage, shaft tombs at Bab edh Bab edh--DhraDhra`; stone`; stoneshaft tombs at shaft tombs at KhanazirKhanazir
EB IV:EB IV:c 2300-2000 bcec 2300-2000 bce
EB IAEB IA
Shaft tombs and campsites atShaft tombs and campsites at Bab edh Bab edh--DhraDhra`; cist tombs at`; cist tombs at Feifa Feifa andand Safi Safi//NaqaNaqa
EB IA:EB IA:c. 3150-3050 bcec. 3150-3050 bce
EB II / IIIEB II / IIIWalled town, charnel houses atWalled town, charnel houses at Bab edh Bab edh--DhraDhra`; walled town at`; walled town at Numeira Numeira
EB II / III:EB II / III:
c. 2900-2300 bcec. 2900-2300 bce
Shifting Settlement and Mortuary Practices: Social Memory,Shifting Settlement and Mortuary Practices: Social Memory,Identity, and Changing Ideas about Community and PlaceIdentity, and Changing Ideas about Community and Place
EB IA Campsites >> Shaft or Cist TombsEB IA Campsites >> Shaft or Cist Tombs
EBIB / II Village >> Slab tombs, CircularEBIB / II Village >> Slab tombs, CircularCharnel HousesCharnel Houses
EB II / III Walled Town EB II / III Walled Town >> Charnel Houses>> Charnel Houses EB IV Village EB IV Village >> Stone Shaft Tombs>> Stone Shaft Tombs
EB IA ShaftEB IA ShaftTombs atTombs at
Bab edhBab edh--DhraDhra’’
Tomb A78WTomb A78W
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EB IA MORTUARY PATTERNS AT BAB EDH-DHRA`EB IA MORTUARY PATTERNS AT BAB EDH-DHRA`
•• Shaft tombs: 1-5 chambers per shaftShaft tombs: 1-5 chambers per shaft•• MNI: 5-25 individualsMNI: 5-25 individuals•• Secondary practices: skeletal elements sorted, placed on mattingSecondary practices: skeletal elements sorted, placed on matting•• Ceramic and stone vessels placed to right of entranceCeramic and stone vessels placed to right of entrance•• Beads and other goods placed in and amongst vesselsBeads and other goods placed in and amongst vessels
EB IAEB IAcemeteries ofcemeteries of
FeifaFeifa, , Safi/NaqaSafi/Naqa
Robbed Cemetery ofRobbed Cemetery of Feifa Feifa in 2001in 2001Excavated Cist tomb, Excavated Cist tomb, FeifaFeifa
EB IB/EARLY II Transitions atEB IB/EARLY II Transitions at Bab edh Bab edh--DhraDhra`̀
Charnel House A4Charnel House A4
Charnel House A56Charnel House A56
Charnel House A53Charnel House A53
EB IB/early IIEB IB/early IIcemetery atcemetery at
Bab edhBab edh--DhraDhra`̀
Shaft tomb A110NEShaft tomb A110NE
Transitional ritualTransitional rituallandscapes:landscapes:
•• Above and BelowAbove and Below
•• Primary andPrimary andsecondary burialssecondary burials
EB IB/early IIEB IB/early IIcemetery atcemetery atSafiSafi//NaqNaq’’aa
Excavated Chamber Tomb,Excavated Chamber Tomb, Safi Safi
100.0%100.0%373373TOTALSTOTALS
21.4%21.4%8080AdultsAdults““
1.1%1.1%44AdolescentsAdolescentsFemalesFemales
20.6%20.6%7777AdultsAdults““
0.3%0.3%11AdolescentsAdolescentsMalesMales
9.7%9.7%3636AdultsAdults““
4.3%4.3%1616AdolescentsAdolescents““
26.0%26.0%9797ChildrenChildren““
15.3%15.3%5757InfantsInfants““
1.3%1.3%55PrenatalPrenatalUnknownUnknown
%%TotalTotalAgeAgeSexSex
Ortner Ortner and and Fröhlich Fröhlich in press: Table 2in press: Table 2
•• EB IA life expectancy: 21.36EB IA life expectancy: 21.36 yo yo
•• Average male/female heights: 164 cm/154 cmAverage male/female heights: 164 cm/154 cm
•• High infant mortality: 47% deaths before 15 High infant mortality: 47% deaths before 15 yoyo
•• Trauma uncommonTrauma uncommon
•• Infectious diseases: TB (n=2) and brucellosis (n=4)Infectious diseases: TB (n=2) and brucellosis (n=4)
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EB II-IIIEB II-IIIcemetery atcemetery at
Bab edhBab edh--DhraDhra`̀
Charnel House A55Charnel House A55Aerial view of excavated charnel housesAerial view of excavated charnel houses
Excavated Charnel House A41Excavated Charnel House A41
Charnel Houses atCharnel Houses atBab edhBab edh--DhraDhra`:`:
Libraries of the DeadLibraries of the Dead
•• Visible &Visible & Visitable Visitable
•• Secondary MortuarySecondary MortuaryCeremoniesCeremonies
•• Emphasis onEmphasis onMembership andMembership andCollectiveCollective
A51 during excavationA51 during excavation
A55 during excavationA55 during excavation
Differentiation inDifferentiation inBab edh-Dhra`Bab edh-Dhra`
Charnel HousesCharnel Houses
Area(m2)
MNI No. ofVessels
Weapons StonePalettes
Costume Items
SmallerCharnelHouses
15.1 -15.5
Unk. 20-30 None None Beads: stone and bone
LargerCharnelHouses
35.3 -120.9
41-200 46-783 Maceheadsand MetalDaggers,Knives,
Axes
1-4 foundin fourcharnelhouses
Pendants: shell, bone, stoneand carnelian
Beads: metal, ostrich egg,faience, alabaster, carnelian,lapis, crystal, calcite, shell,
stone, bone, and gold
A55 materialsA55 materials in situin situ
• Larger charnel houses contain larger MNI, greater numbers and types of localand non-local goods
• Tendency >> evidence for social differentiation of groups with fluid “border”
•• ““made-to-ordermade-to-order”” body libraries for groups body libraries for groups•• Visible and Visible and visitablevisitable•• Differing access to resources represented inDiffering access to resources represented in
grave goods by charnel housegrave goods by charnel house•• Secondary mortuary rituals (until final use of A22)Secondary mortuary rituals (until final use of A22)•• Reshaping of landscape and making differentReshaping of landscape and making different
kind of Placekind of Place
EBA Transformations: Durability, Visibility, and PlaceEBA Transformations: Durability, Visibility, and Place
88
EB IV cemeteryEB IV cemeteryatat Bab edh Bab edh--
DhraDhra`̀
MovingMovingdead belowdead below
groundgroundagain atagain atBab edhBab edh--
DhraDhra`̀
Village onVillage onruins ofruins of
walled townwalled town
Shaft Tombs A52 and A54Shaft Tombs A52 and A54
EB IVEB IVcemetery atcemetery at
KhirbetKhirbetKhanazirKhanazir
•• Change in living placesChange in living placesaccompanied by change inaccompanied by change inplaces for the deadplaces for the dead
•• Shifts between visible (above-Shifts between visible (above-ground) and less visibleground) and less visible(subterranean) burial contexts(subterranean) burial contexts
•• Moderately increasing socialModerately increasing socialdifferentiation with inventiondifferentiation with inventionof towns (group andof towns (group andindividual scales)individual scales)
•• Membership in groups tied toMembership in groups tied towhere you are buried (kinshipwhere you are buried (kinshipin EB IA contexts)in EB IA contexts)
•• In some ways, health of EB II-In some ways, health of EB II-III town dwellers decreasesIII town dwellers decreases(both male and female)(both male and female)
•• MANY QUESTIONS LEFT!MANY QUESTIONS LEFT!
Charnel House A22Charnel House A22
FortificationFortificationWalls,Walls, Numeira Numeira
•• How can we relateHow can we relateemergence of walledemergence of walledtowns to intensifiedtowns to intensifiedagricultural andagricultural andpastoral production?pastoral production?
•• How can we trace newHow can we trace newideas aboutideas aboutcommunity, property,community, property,ownership, andownership, andobligations with theobligations with theinvention of walledinvention of walledtowns?towns?
Look to connections inLook to connections inthe landthe land
99
Material Wealth,Resources, and Property
Immaterial Wealth,Immaterial Wealth,Resources, and PropertyResources, and Property
Who are your dead and yourWho are your dead and yourliving?living?
Which and how manyWhich and how manyhuman and materialhuman and material
resources do you / yourresources do you / yourgroup members claim orgroup members claim or
control?control?
How are these relationshipsHow are these relationshipsinscribed on the physical and socialinscribed on the physical and social
landscapes?landscapes?
Thanks toThanks to•• Tom Tom Schaub Schaub and Walt and Walt RastRast•• Bob Chapman, Roger Matthews, Wendy Matthews, Bob Chapman, Roger Matthews, Wendy Matthews, RafiRafi
Greenberg, DavidGreenberg, David Ilan Ilan, Rosemary Joyce, Susan , Rosemary Joyce, Susan KusKus, and Ian, and IanKuijtKuijt