UNIFICATION OF ITALY
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UNIFICATION
OF
ITALY
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After the American Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, countries sought to unite for national independence. This was known as “Nationalism”
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At the Congress of Vienna, the map of Europe was redrawn and Italy sought a united Italian state. Prince Metternich found the idea “laughable” and divided the territory that became Italy amongst other European powers.
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In 1815 Modern Day Italy did not exist.
-Separated into a number of independent states mostly controlled by different powers, even though they all spoke the same language
-France (Kingdom of 2 Sicilies)
-Austria (Lombardy and Venetia)
-The Pope (Papal States)
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By the 1860s Italy becomes one nation
WHAT PREVENTED THIS PREVIOUSLY?
1) Political Division
2) Cultural Division
• dialects
3) Economic Issues
• Trade barriers
• Poor transportation
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The road to Italian Unification began in 1831
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Risorgimento (ree-zawr-jee-mehn-toh)
-means resurgence or revival
-an Italian Nationalist movement
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Giusseppe Mazzini
-From Genoa
-Founded “Young Italy”- a secret society seeking to make Italy “one, free independent nation”
-felt that having a NATION STATE (a political organization consisting of one nationality rather than several) was important
-In January of 1848 inspires a revolt in Sicily, leading to revolts in other parts of Italy
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Pope Pius IX
-Elected Pope in 1846
-Longest reigning pope in history
-Pardoned all revolutionaries upon his election (leading to more revolts)
-Refused to go to war with Austria to unify Italy because they were another Catholic nation
-Not liked by many because of his liberal views
-Essentially overthrown leading to a Roman republic in 1849
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-Mazzini heads new Roman Republic
Expulsion of Pope angers other Catholic nations (Spain, Naples and France)
-Louis Napoleon of France sends troops to restore Pope’s power and did, but occupied the Papal States until 1870 and blocked the unification movement
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-As a result of French occupation of the Papal States, people lose faith in Mazzini as a leader
-Turn to Charles Albert of Sardinia
(pictured left)
-Led a revolt against Austria in northern Italy, but was defeated (granting them control of Lombardy and Venetia)
-He earned the respect of the people through this revolt
-Italians now looked to Sardinia to head the movement for Italian unification
-Died in 1849 leaving Victor Emmanuel II (his son) in charge
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-Victor Emmanuel II kept alive the ideals of Nationalism
-More importantly, he named Count Camillo di Cavour (left) Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852
-Cavour was known to be “funny looking” with rumpled clothes but possessed great personal charm
-Was bold and intelligent and left Victor Emmanuel an empire 5x greater than he inherited it
-Goals as Prime Minister were to:
1) Promote industrialization
2) Reduce the Catholic Church’s influence
3) Advance Nationalism (though not necessarily for all of Italy)
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Involvement in the Crimean War
-Sardinia joined on side of British and French (who wanted them to join to get Austria to join in)
-This was a shrewd political move more than anything
-joined too late to be a military presence (1855 when the war started in 1853)
-gained them an invite to the Congress of Paris (where treaty settling Crimean War is signed)
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WAR WITH AUSTRIA
-In the summer of 1858 Napoleon III and Cavour agree that France will aid Sardinia in case of war
-In return, Sardinia would give Savoy and Nice to France if the combined forces were to win
-Cavour essentially forces Austria to go to war with Sardinia by:
• Getting Lombardy to revolt
• Having Sardinia support the rebels
• Refusing to remove support when Austria demands Sardinia does so
• In April of 1859 Austria declares war on Sardinia
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Never trust the French!!!
-The combined French-Sardinian forces defeat Austria in Lombardy
-France suffers heavy casualties
-In July of 1859 Napoleon signs a treaty with Austria without consulting Cavour
-Sardinia gains Lombardy, but Austria retained Venetia
-Without French support, Sardinia cannot fight Austria alone and Victor Emmanuel agrees to treaty despite Cavour’s wishes to continue the war
-Tuscany, Parma, Modeva, and the Papal province of Romagna overthrew their rulers in 1859 and 1860 and joined Sardinia
-Politicking, Cavour gives Savoy and Nice to France anyhow
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Garibaldi Seizes the South-Southern Italy remained isolated from Revolutions until death of Ferdinand II (ruler of Kingdom of Two Sicilies
- Italian nationalists prepare for revolution
- Their leader? Giuseppe Garibaldi (left)
- Was a member of the Young Italy
- Was forced into exile in 1830 for his part in the uprisings (went to South America)
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Garibaldi (con’t)
-While in S. America fought in several revolutions (gains experience)
- Became an expert in Guerrilla fighting (hit and run)
- Returns to Italy in 1848 and is active in Mazzini’s Roman republic
- Fled to USA when republic falls
- Returns to Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1860
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Garibaldi (con’t)
-Gained control over the island in a few weeks, then advanced toward Naples
- He and his “Red Shirts” fought the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and won due to the guerrilla tactics
- Cavour became nervous and sends army to the Papal States (wins)
- Southern Italy supports union with Sardinia (Oct 1860) and Garibaldi surrenders his conquest to Victor Emmanuel II
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-With Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Sardinia united, all of Italy is unified except for Rome (Papal State) and Venetia (Austria)
- A Constitutional monarchy of Italy is formed
- Count Cavour dies only three months after seeing his dream of a unified Italy come true
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Problems facing the newly unified Italy1)Economic
2)Cultural (South: Poor and Agricultural; North: Industrial)
3)Sardinia tries to force its laws and customs on others (leading to resentment from the others)
4)Capital- should be Rome, but Pope still ruled the city
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Gradually…..
1)Italy forms a unified army
2)Roads are built to connect the north and south of Italy
3) In 1866 Italy allies with Prussia against Austria - Italians are promised Venetia-Prussia defeats Austria and Italy gets Venetia
4) War between France and Prussia (Franco-Prussian) leads France to pull troops out of Rome in 1870—Italians attack Pope and seize Rome
5) In 1871 Capital moved from Florence to Rome—completes unification of Italy