Unification of Germany
description
Transcript of Unification of Germany
![Page 1: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unification of Germany
![Page 2: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon made major changes to the
territorial states of Germany. He gained a number of European lands
and put many German -speaking states under French rule. (In red)
Many Germans welcomed him because they liked his policies. But
soon, extreme German nationalism arose!!!
![Page 3: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nationalism Comes to Germany• France and Russia had long-standing policy of
keeping Germany weak and divided• Nationalism came to Germany, but different from
Italy– Superiority to Slavs– Independent of West – own particular way of life and
political system– There were not widespread ideas of individual liberty –
tended to glorify the state
![Page 4: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
•People began to demand a unified German state more and more as German Nationalism increased due to Napoleon’s invasion.•Many German Nationalists brought demands to the Congress of Vienna. But Metternich, opposed these demands and stated that joining the governments of the many separated states would be extremely tricky.
Instead, the group formed a German Confederation, which was a very weak body headed by Austria.
![Page 5: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Prussia, took over control of the German states in the 1830’s from Austria. Trying to create an economic union, they took away borders between the German states. They still remained politically separate though.
•At the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, liberals offered the throne to a united Germany to the Prussian king, but they were refused. Germany remained divided but still had a desire for unity.
![Page 6: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
German Unification and Bismarck
German confederation made up of 39 separate principalities– all German speaking
Prussian Junker class – Bismarck on the left
“Zollverein”
Set up powerful trade federation (customs union) with other German provinces – led to prosperity and being seen as dominant German state.
![Page 7: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Europe 1848
![Page 8: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Mad as a hatter!• Anti-liberal, but an ‘Arthurian’ medieval
romantic.– Agricultural romantic.
• Relied on Junker support. (Junkers were members of the landed nobility of Prussia
• Prussia in the mid-19c:– Efficient.– Good economy.– Strong military.
Frederick William IV of Prussia(1840-1861)
![Page 9: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
-The Prussian King in 1861was Wilhelm I, the brother of Frederick William.-Wilhelm was an ultraconservative who believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
-King Wilhelm I’s prime minister was a good friend of his, a conservative noble named Otto Von Bismarck.
Wilhelm IBismarck
![Page 10: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Enter Bismarck, in Prussia (1862)
![Page 11: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Bismarck and ‘Realpolitik’• Realistic Politics based on the needs of the state–Whatever actions necessary to achieve his desired
goals.• Power more important than principles• “Blood and Iron” Philosophy–He wanted to eliminate Austrian influence and
bring about unification on Prussian terms. –Expand Germany’s Economy and Industrial base
with use of its resources.–Do not make the same mistakes that were made
by the French in 1848-1849.
![Page 12: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Prussia was famous for its powerful military.
Voltaire once said:
“Prussia is not a country with an army, but an army with a country!”
Bismarck wanted to use this army to unite the German people under Prussian leadership.
![Page 13: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•Bismarck thought becoming allied with Austria would be a good idea. In 1864, Prussian armies under Bismarck’s leadership took over the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark rule. Bismarck gave the province of Holstein to Austria and kept Schleswig under Prussian rule in hopes of an alliance.
![Page 14: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
First, Prussia Attacks Denmark - 1864
![Page 15: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Austro-Prussian war of 1866
The Austro-Prussian war of 1866
![Page 16: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Prussia wins war in 7 weeks. •Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.• The ruler then established a new North German Confederation which was ruled by Prussia.
![Page 17: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Southern States..• Four southern states remained independent and not part of the
North German Confederation - Hesse-Darmstodt, Bavaria, Wurtemberg and Baden.
• Bismarck knew that he could not simply annexe these states.• He also knew, however, that a potential threat from France
would stir up German nationalism in the southern states and that these states, deprived of Austria, would then look to Prussia as a ‘big brother’.
• Bismarck engineered secret alliances between Prussia and the four southern states before the Treaty of Prague had been signed at the end of the Austro-Prussian War.
• These alliances stated that in the event of war the south German states would fight with Prussia and also place their armies under direct Prussian control.
![Page 19: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tension After 7 Weeks’ War - Prussia v Austria, 1866
• Napoleon III (France) was shocked by speed of Bismarck’s victory against Austria
• Bismarck excluded Napoleon III from treaty negotiations (between Prussia and Austria)
• Napoleon was looking for territory in the Rhineland as reward for staying neutral while Prussia fought Austria
![Page 20: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Spanish Candidacy• In 1868, Queen Isabella of Spain was deposed and
the Spanish parliament sought to appoint a new monarch.
• Wilhelm I’s nephew – Leopold Hohenzollern was proposed as a potential candidate by Bismarck.
• Bismarck knew that France would not accept this proposal as it would threaten French security, so he hoped to have the proposal approved before the French found out.
• The French did find out, however, and were outraged.
![Page 21: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Ems Telegram•The Ems telegram was sent in 1870 from the Prussian King to Bismarck informing Bismarck about his meeting with French Ambassador.
• The eager Bismarck was waiting for his opportunity to strike and when the king left it up to him to let the press know about the meeting, he took advantage of the situation.
![Page 22: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Ems Telegram Cont’d• Bismarck manipulated the situation by making the Prussian king look as if he was more hostile towards towards the French then he really was.•This provoked chaos in both France and Prussia and eventually led to the Franco-Prussian War.
![Page 23: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Franco-Prussian War
•Otto von Bismarck wanted to achieve unity within south Germany states under Prussian rule. •Bismarck wanted to eliminate French influence on the country. •The war lasted from 1870-1871 and resulted in the loss of France to the German States.
![Page 24: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Bismark
• "I knew that a Franco-Prussian War must take place before a united Germany was formed."[
![Page 25: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Why did the French fight alone?• Once again, Bismarck made sure that his enemy was
isolated. • The Austrians were grateful for the lenient Treaty of
Prague.• The British were hostile to the French because Bismarck
had leaked details of Napoleon’s interest in Belgium.• The Italians were happy with their territorial gains at the
end of the Franco Prussian War. They were also hostile to the French because of the presence of a French army in Rome, which was preventing Italian unification.
![Page 26: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Why did the Prussians win the war?• The Southern states fought with the North German
Confederation, because of Bismarck’s secret alliances.• The German armies mobilised in 18 days and the Germans
invaded France, so the French were always fighting a defensive war.
• Once again the Prussian military proved to be decisive. • Prussian technology (especially breech-loading rifle) and
tactics were far superior.• Prussia used 6 railway lines, France had 2• The French suffered heavy defeats at Metz and Sedan.
Napoleon’s government was overthrown and a republic was declared.
• Paris was besieged for several months until the French surrendered in January 1871.
![Page 27: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Édouard Detaille, Prisonnier
![Page 29: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Alphonse de Neuville, The Cemetery of St Privat, 18 August 1870 (1881)
![Page 30: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Napoleon III meeting Bismarck after Sedan, 2 September 1870
![Page 33: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Treaty of Frankfurt• This was far harsher than the peace treaty with Austria had been.• France was forced to pay an indemnity of £200 million within 4
years.• Territory was annexed, most notably Alsace and Lorraine.
(buffer-zone – contained fortresses of Metz and Strasbourg + rich in iron ore)
• The German army triumphantly marched through Paris.• Von Moltke: “What we have gained by arms in half a year, we
must protect by arms for half a century”.
![Page 34: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The German EmpireA United Germany
After the defeat of both Austria and France, Germans persuaded William I from Prussia to take the title Kaiser,
or emperor. In January of 1871, Germans
celebrated their empire known as the Second Reich which had in the past
been taken over by Napoleon of France.
![Page 37: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Wilhelm Crowned Emperor
• The German Emperor had considerable powers. He had personal control of the armed forces. He appointed and dismissed all ministers including the Chancellor (Bismarck 1871-1890).
Crowned in the hall of mirrors in Versailles outside Paris, on January 18, 1871
![Page 38: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
A constitution proposed by Bismarck and a two house legislature was set up for the Second Reich. The two houses were made up of the Bundersat (upper house) and the Reichstag (lower house). The houses were elected by rulers of German states and universal male suffrage.
Otto von Bismarck, 1886.
![Page 39: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
A Growing Economy•After the unification of Germany, it rose to be the Industrial giant of the Europe. •Germany’s chemical and electrical industries were beyond any other industries in the world. •Germany’s coal and iron resources resulted in massive growth of the economy. •A work force and rapidly growing population also aided in the development of the economy.
![Page 40: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
German Unification Timeline
1870 - Franco-Prussian War;France losesAlsace-Lorraine
1848 – Revolution & Frankfurt Parliament
1844 – Zollverein includes Almost all German states
1862 – William IBismarck appointedHead of cabinet
1871: GermanEmpire Proclaimed;Bismarck appointed Chancellor
1866- 7 Weeks’ War; German ConfederationDissolved; Prussia takes Schleswig & Holstein
1819 - Carlsbad Decrees
1818 – Prussia eliminates tariffs
1864 – Austria &Germany defeat Denmark: Austria takes Schleswig, Prussia takes Holstein
![Page 42: Unification of Germany](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061608/568165ae550346895dd89cc1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Europe today