UnificationItaly

&

Germany

Italian Unification North: Austria ruled Venetia and Lombardy

and dominated Tuscany, Modena, Parma & Lucca

South: Spain ruled Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Kingdom of Sardinia: strongest Italian state and run by an Italian dynasty.

Factors Favoring Italian Unification

Common culture, history, traditions, language (though diff. dialects)

Common Religion: Roman Catholic Dislike for Austria who prevented earlier

attempt to unite

Roadblocks to Italian Unification Opposition by state rulers who were backed by

Austria, so wanted Austria to remain powerful Pope feared losing power over Papal States Disagreement over type of government once

united: democratic republic (favored by Mazzini), constitutional monarchy (favored by Cavour), confederation under Pope

Foreign Opposition: Austria would lose territory and influence France feared a powerful neighbor

Wars to Win Italian Unification Austro-Sardinian Wars (1859): Napoleon III helped b/c of

promise of Nice and Savoy, and Sardinia got Lombardy Conquest of 2 Sicilies by Garibaldi (1861): Kingdom of Italy

declared, but Rome not capital because in hands of Pope & protected by French troops

Austro-Prussian War (1866): Italy allied with Prussia and gained Venetia

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): French troops removed from Italy to fight Germany, Rome now capital

World War I (1914-18): Italy claimed rest of land still under Austrian rule.

Alliance with Napoleon III Cavour saw Austria as the biggest

roadblock to unification Napoleon thought France could be

strongest nation in Europe of Austria weakened

Secretly agreed for France to drive Austria out of N. Italy in return for Nice and Savoy

Austro-Sardinian War 1859 French-Sardinian Army defeat Austria N. Italy hold revolts against Austria and

demands to be ruled by Sardinia Napoleon panics, not wanting a strong Italy Cavour had kept good relations with rest of

Europe, so Napoleon could not go to war with Sardinia

1860 N. Italy is annexed by Sardinia

Leaders in Italian Unification Soul: Mazzini Sword: Garibaldi Brains: Cavour

The Brain Cavour– named prime minister to King

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia He believes nationalism can only happen

through smart diplomacy and well-chosen alliances

The Soul Mazzini had led first efforts of unification in

1840’s Inspired city-states to unify

The Sword Garibaldi was leading a small group of

nationalists in the south, with the financial support if Cavour

In 1860, he and his 1100 soldiers the “Red Shirts” won Sicily

In 1861, the Italian parliament met and named Victor Emmanuel II king of Italy

Italy is Unified! In 1866 Venetia joins Italy In 1871, Pope finally allows Papal States,

including Rome to become part of Italy. Final Unification

Realpolitik German plan for government that meant:

Calculating politics in which idealism played no part.

Utopian Socialism was its nemesis.

Factors Favoring German Unification

Common language, history, culture, traditions

Industrial Revolution: Roads, railroads, growing trade united German states

Zollverein– customs union, NO tariffs within German Confederation EXCEPT Austria

Roadblocks to German Unification Opposition by state rulers who feared

losing power Religion: Protestant North, Catholic South Jealousy & fear of Prussia; largest state Rivalry between Austria and Prussia over

control of smaller German states Opposition from France who feared a

powerful bordering neighbor

Austria v. Prussia 39 German states, including Austria and

Prussia formed a confederation Austria considered natural leader b/c

former home of HRE Prussia was more industrially developed Prussia had strongest army in central

Europe

Wars of German Unification Wars to win Unification

1863 v. Denmark for territory; Schleswig- Holstein 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Germans defeated Austria,

and were very lenient in treaty, to keep Austria as ally in future war with France.

1870-71 Franco-Prussian War. Only a war against a foreign enemy could unite Protestant North with Catholic South. Bismarck wanted Germany united!

1914-18 World War I

War with Denmark 1864 Bismarck fights a quick war with Denmark

to increase the feeling of nationalism and support for Prussia

Outcome: annex two small states, Schleswig and Holstein

Austro-Prussian War 1866 Bismarck’s cunning way managed to provoke

Austria into declaring war against Prussia– important that Prussia not appear the aggressor

Due to Prussia’s superior industrialization, their RR moved troops to Austria faster than Austria could defend itself

Superior equipment from industrialization proved no match for Austria

Results of War with Austria Austria is humiliated Lost some German lands to Prussia Forced to withdraw from the German

Confederation Prussia now controlled all of North

Germany Austria becomes Austria-Hungary 1867

Franco-Prussian War 1870 Bismarck deliberately gave misleading

stories to newspapers to provoke France into declaring war (Prussia the victim)

Purpose is to give N. German protestants and S. German Catholics a common enemy

France is defeated

Results of Franco-Prussian War Prussia humiliated France in the peace

treaty (keep an eye on the karma after WWI)

During the war even Napoleon III had been captured and held prisoner

Forced to pay 5 billion francs Took Alsace and Lorraine (France’s richest

coal and iron deposits)

Leaders of the German Unification Three major players:

The Soul: Kaiser Wilhelm II The Sword: von Moltke The Brain: Bismarck

The Brain & The Soul 1862 King William I chose Bismarck as his

prime minister. Bismarck was a exceptionally skilled at

realpolitik and wanted to unite Germany under Prussia.

Bismarck says unification can only by “Blood and Iron” (War and Industrialization)

Germany is Unified! January18, 1871--The Second Reich Will be ruled under Kaiser William I German industrialization quickly surpassed

even Britain to become the second largest producer of manufactured goods (after U.S.)

The Road to WWI has begun France had total disdain for Germany and

insists they will get Alsace and Lorraine back

There are 6 Great Powers in Europe Most Powerful– Germany & Britain Medium– France Weak– Russia, Italy & Austria