UNICEF IN INDIANEW CHALLENGES AND CHANGING ROLE

Dr . S.K. CHATURVEDI

UNICEF

OVERVIEW

•Overview of the Situation of Children

•Changing programming environment for children

•Major constraints

•Role of the United Nations and UNICEF in India

•Summary of results to date

The Situation of Children in India: key findings

Uttar Pradesh

Bihar

Maharastra

Madhya Pradesh

West Bengal

Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Rajasthan

Karnataka

Gujarat

Orissa

Kerala

Assam

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Iran

Vietnam

Philippines

Ethiopia

DRC

Thailand

Myanmar

Tanzania

Sudan

Uganda

Canada

60 40 20 0 20 40 60Child population in millions

Many states have child populations similar to large countries

Population: 1,027 million Children 0-18: 380 million (37%)

India : The scale of things...

India’s share of global challenge…

19

25

39

23

14

28

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

%

Summary of trends in India…

• Economic transformation without corresponding change in social development

• Expansion of social opportunities and change uneven, growing disparities (area, sex, caste and other characteristics)

Income Growth vs Child Survival

920 920 921 926 926 926 928 929 928 930 932 934 937 9407321 7212 7433

76908070

84899007

92449650

1007110308

1075411013

11799

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

IncomePer capita Income in Rs

Infant survivalNumber of children reachingThe age of one per 100 live births

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Child malnutrition in India

51.7

55.1

43.9

49.6

28.6

26.936.7

37.7

50.6

45.1

34.5

34.734.6

28.7

54.448.7

54.4

27.7

37.936

20.6

27.5

24.3

24.1

43.6

Per cent

20-3030-4040-47National Average and Above (47 +)

Source: NFHS 1 & 2, 1992-93 & 1998-99

5347

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

1992-93 1998-99

India (% children moderately to

severly underweight)

79.3

85.7

73.1

87.3

76.1

71.8

59.2

81.4

Total Male Female Urban Rural SC ST Others

Goal 2: Universal Primary Education

Children age 5-14 years currently attending school

Source: MICS, 2000

Learning achievements in primary schools Pratichi Trust, West Bengal Only 1 in 14 children in class 3 and 4

who was not privately tutored could write their own name

Urban schools in Vadodara and Mumbai

47% children in class IV reached math standard competence of First standard only

Andhra Pradesh Only 12% children in class II to V could do single digit subtraction

Jaunpur, UP age 7-14 in government schools

72% could do no numerical operations and 51% could not read simple sentences

Absence Rates, 2003 (%)

State Primary school teachers

Primary health care workers

Andhra Pradesh 26 n.a.Bihar 39 58Gujarat 15 52Haryana 24 35Karnataka 20 43Kerala 23 n.a.Maharashtra 16 n.a.Orissa 23 35Punjab 37 n.a.Rajasthan 24 39Tamil Nadu 21 n.a.Uttar Pradesh 26 42Uttaranchal 33 45West Bengal 23 43

Out-of-school children are even more concentrated. Nearly three-quarters of all out-of-school children in the country are found in a mere 20% of villages (and 50% of districts).

Cumulative distribution of all out-of-school 6-11 year olds in India across villages and districts, 1999-2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cumulative % of villages or districts (ranked by number of out-of-school 6-11 year olds)

Cum

ulat

ive

% o

f al

l out

-of-

scho

ol 6

-11

year

old

s in

th

e co

untr

y Districts Villages

Rural

Urban

Goal 4. Reduce child mortality: Infant Mortality Rate

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Rural Total Urban

Source : National Family Health Survey 1992-93, International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India, 1995National Family Health Survey 1998-99, International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India, 2000Sample Registration System, Registrar General, India

Contribution of the 21 larger states to national infant deaths, 2000979693

8983

76

67

43

57

25

6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

9 89

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Utt

ar P

rade

sh

Mad

hya

Pra

desh

Bih

ar

Raj

asth

an

And

hra

Pra

desh

Mah

aras

htra

Ori

ssa

Wes

t Ben

gal

Guj

arat

Kar

nata

ka

Tam

il N

adu

Ass

am

Jhar

khan

d

Chh

atis

garh

Har

yana

Pun

jab

Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir

Del

hi

Utt

aran

chal

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

Ker

ala

Cum

ulat

ive

cont

ribu

tion

(%)

Cumulative share in total number of infant deaths nationally

Share in total number of infant deaths nationally

51% 21%

% Children not Received Any Vaccine by Selected Characteristics

13

24

33

10

3

30

14

5Residence Education

Standardof living

Source: RCH Survey, 2002

Health expenditure, public (% GDP)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Germany

France

Canada

Australia

Japan

UK

Thailand

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

India

Health expenditure, private (% GDP)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

United KingdomThailand

JapanSri Lanka

FranceAustralia

CanadaGermanyPakistan

India

1998 20001994

> 1% among pregnant women

> 5% among high risk groups

< 5% amonghigh risk groups

Estimated 5.2 million people living with HIV (2005).

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

HIV Prevalence in India

Pondichery

Gujarat

Karnataka

Goa

Lakshwadeep

Dadra Nagar HaveliMaharashtra

Madhya Pradesh

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Punjab

Rajasthan

Daman & Diu

J & K

Haryana

Uttar Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh

Delhi

Chandigarh

Bihar

West Bengal

Orissa

Andaman & Nicobar

Mizoram

Meghalaya

AssamSikkim

Manipur

Tripura

Arunachal Pradesh

Nagaland

Source: NACO, 2005

> 1% Antenatal Women

< 1% Antenatal Women

111 high prevalence districts

5.2 m Adults estimated to living

with HIV

Estimated No. of people living with HIV

Source: Report of the global AIDS epidemic

1.2

1.8

3.6

5.25.6

Kenya Zimbabwe Nigeria India South Africa

Regional Specificity

Pondichery

Gujarat

KarnatakaGoa

Lakshwadeep

Dadra Nagar HaveliMaharashtra

Madhya Pradesh

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Punjab

Rajasthan

Daman & Diu

Jammu & Kashmir

Haryana

Uttar Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh

Delhi

Chandigarh

Bihar

West Bengal

Orissa

Andaman & Nicobar

Mizoram

Meghalaya

Assam

Sikkim

Manipur

Tripura

Arunachal Pradesh

Nagaland

HIV + U5MR

Percentage of respondents reporting access and satisfaction with government services in rural India

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Primary School Health care Drinking water

Physical AccessSatisfaction

Percent

0.0 - 1.01.1 - 5.05.1 - 20.020.1 - 25.025.1 - 98.1

Percentage of ST PopulationDistricts of India

2001

Summary of Developments with Potential Impact on Children

External debt as % of GNP

14

17

35

45

48

49

57

77

89

0 20 40 60 80 100

China

India

Vietnam

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Malaysia

Philippines

Indonesia

Union Govt. Expenditure on Social Services as a Proportion of GDP (%)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06RE

2006-07BE

…but this is still low in comparison to other developing countries

% of Central Govt. Expenditure Allocated to Social Sectors (1993-2004)

2 2

7

18

4

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Health Education

India

Bangladesh

Developing Countries

Source: State of the World's Children 2006