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Knowledge Based Applications to

Unfailing Water Quality

Consolato Generale degli Stati Uniti d’America – Napoli 9 giugno 2004

“Sonde Multiparametriche e Sensori per il Controllo della Qualità

dell’Acqua e Sensori per la Misura del Livello dell’Acqua”

UNI ISO 9001: 2000

Laboratorio MIUR di Ricerca e Sviluppo nel Campo dell’Ingegneria della Conoscenza e delle Applicazioni Software Centro Direzionale is.G1 80143 – 80143 Napoli (ITALY) – Tel 0039 081 750.25.35 www.anova.it [email protected]

Ing. Giovanni Mappa

• in Ground Water Quality Monitoring Application

• in Tertiary Water Treatment Plant Real-time Control

Unfailing Water Quality based on:

1) Data Validation (knowledge based)

2) One-Trace Index WQI for Quality Monitoring

& Water Systems Efficiency Management

3) Early Warning Monitoring to Detect

Hazardous Events in Water Supplies

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

1) Data Validation

Knowledge Based Data Validation:

Value/Data of a generic WQ Parameter on-line detected

(Dynamic Medium Value of the Period)

Variance (Process Dynamics & Water Quality Variability)

(Total error of the specific measure chain)

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

KB Data Validation (ex.: a Dam)

Never be relaxed if the detected value

is different by the KB aspected one!

(You may stay waterless!)

V

Qi

Qu

lev = m

m(t)

m-²/n = (Qi-Qu) KB (Water balance)

(das, hysteresis, etc.)

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

KB Data Validation (ex.: a Well)

Q [l/s]

h

[m]

Inverno

Estate

P

Livello Statico

Livello Statico

Livello Dinamico

Piano Campagna

FALDA FREATICA

STRATO

IMPERMEABILE

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH

pE

CARATTERISTICHE (MEDIE) ACQUE SUPERFICIALI ACQUE PROFONDE

Temperatura

Torbidità

Ossigeno Disciolto

Ammoniaca

Nitrati

Ferro e Manganese biv. (disciolti)

Idrogeno Solforato

Gas Carbonico (aggressivo)

Inquinanti e Microinquinanti

Pozzo di captazione

Limite della zona di

cattura del pozzo

Pozzo di

monitoraggio

(rete di

sorveglianza) Centro di

pericolo

2) One-Trace Index WQI [Water Quality Index ]

WQI was developed in the early 1970s by by over 100 water

quality experts from EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and NSF (National Sanitation Foundation)

WQI can be used to monitor quality changes in a particular

water supply over time, or can be used to compare a water

supply’s quality with other water supply around the world

WQI used a scale from 0 to 100 to rate the quality of the

water, with 100 being the highest possible score

WQI score is calculated detecting 9 WQ parameters: BOD5,

DO, pH, Temperature (T), TDS, Turbidity, Total Nitrogen (TN),

Total Phosphorus (TP) and Fecal Coliform (FC).

WQI is a WAC 173-201A Standards of Quality compliant.

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

WQI / BOD&DO correlations

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

WQI / FC&TN correlations

WQI – Modified by only 5 WQ parameters

(pH, DO/ORP, Cond, Torb, Temp)

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

X

Y

Z

Knowledge Surface

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

Holistic and Knowledge Based approach to Unfailing Water Quality

3) Early Warning Monitoring

Effluent Influent

The WaterMultiSkill EW Monitoring System

for Tertiary Water Treatment Efficiency Managem.

Early Warning Monitoring System to Detect

Hazardous Events in Water Supplies

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

Goal: identify low probability/high impact contamination events (chemical,

microbiological, radioactive) in source water or distribution systems in time to

allow an effective local response that reduces or avoid entirely the adverse

impacts that may result from the event.

Requirements for an Ideal Early Warning System:

Provides Warning in sufficient time for action

Cost is affordable

Requires low skill and training

Covers all potential threats

Is able to identify the source

Is sensitive to quality changes at regulatory levels

Gives minimal false positive or negative responses

Is robust

Is reproducible and verificable

Allows remote operation

Functions year-round

Some Advices on EW approach:

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


Ing. Giovanni Mappa

to avoid:

to be untrained in the face of predictable failures from

measurement chain (ex.: maintenances of sensors, etc.)

to be untrained in the face of predictable changing of water quality due to repetitive environmental or anthropic events.

to invest:

in knowledge based approach and tools in water quality data

acquisition systems (multiparameters probes and WMSK)

make ordinary the actual extraordinary problems of WQ

monitoring, to go further on with the application of early warning

monitoring technologies to detect hazardous events!

Sensore

d

h

Sistema di

pulizia

Installazione,

posizionamento,

sporcizia

Rumore e.m.

(rete di alimentazione,

stazioni radio, ecc.)

Sporcizia,

programmazione

Segnale

analogico

o digitale

Trasmettitore

Rumore e.m.

(rete di alimentazione,

stazioni radio, ecc.)

Agenti atmosferici,

invecchiamento

componenti, ecc.

Lunghezza cavo

(perdita di segnale,

interferenze, ecc.)

Segnale non

condizionato

Scatola di

giunzione

RTC

GSM LD Wireless

Ponti Radio

LP

modem modem

Segnale

digitale

Risoluzione nella

conversione A/D

(16 bit, 12bit, ecc.)

modem

Segnale

digitale

N

DAQ

RTUs

PLC

Campionatore

Metodologie di

indagine e analisi

Measurement Chain Faults... (…)

Metrological Efficiency

CM(t) = ·i (t) Chain Metrological Efficiency

- set = ƒ(gain, off-set, drift, etc.)

- old. (t) = ƒ(Life Cycle, time)

- random = ƒ(noise, interferences, etc.)

- fix. = ƒ(sampling., resolut., scale fix)

- site = ƒ(installation, positioning, etc.)

- fouling = ƒ(stream, foul action, etc.)

CM(t) = 1-catenaeri = ·i (t)

old(t) = CV’/CVo ƒ(e-t/cvo)

fouling(t) ƒ(1-t/k+t)

[old(t)+fouling(t)]·o

Deterioration Model

Metrological Time Test

o maintenance scheduled time

Active Maintenace for instrumentation …

Conclusions:

Unfailing Water Quality means to be trained to

exploit WQ data acquisition

Only a few WQ parameters are available to be

detected on-line (as regards national

regulations)

WQ Parameters being equal, a multi-

parameter probe is more effective and …

To invest to knowledge based approach

means to make possible (price being equal) to

have unfailing water quality

UNI ISO 9001: 2000


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