UNESCO INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE LIST: TURKEY …

ISSN: 2289-2915© Penerbit UMT

Journal of Business and Social Development Volume 6(1) 2018: 3-14

Journal of Business and Social Development Volume 6 Number 1, March 2018: 3-14

UNESCO INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE LIST: TURKEY(SENARAI WARISAN BUDAYA UNESCO YANG TIDAK KETARA: TURKI)

ÜMIT SORMAZ1*, SINAN USLU1, MUSTAFA YILMAN1 AND AYBÜKE CEYHUN SEZGIN2

1Faculty of Tourism, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya-Turkey. 2Faculty of Tourism, University of Gazi, Ankara-Turkey.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Cultural heritage transfer is a process carried out by transferring the knowledge of individual or society based on experience from the past, both materially and spiritually, to the next generation. Today, people spend most of their time at work and the rest with mass media, so that this communication between young people and their families is decreasing. Turkey is providing the cultural values within the scope of "Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" which today plays a very important role and provides protection and sustainability by transferring very important cultural values in the name of Turkish nation and culture. This study is a compilation study aimed to introduce cultural values in Turkey in accordance with protection under UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage agreement. It explains necessity for the protection of these values in terms of tourism and the benefits for sustainability.

Keywords: Tourism, culture, UNESCO, intangible cultural heritage.

Abstrak: Pindahan warisan budaya adalah proses yang dilakukan dengan memindahkan pengetahuan tentang pengalaman individu atau masyarakat dari masa lalu secara material dan rohani kepada generasi akan datang. Pada masa kini, orang ramai menghabiskan sebahagian besar masa mereka di tempat kerja dan selebihnya dengan media sosial. Keadaan ini menyebabkan komunikasi antara orang muda dan keluarga mereka berkurangan. Turki telah termasuk dalam skop "Perlindungan Warisan Budaya Yang Tidak Ketara" yang hari ini memainkan peranan yang sangat penting dan menyediakan perlindungan dan kemampanan dengan memindahkan nilai budaya yang sangat penting dalam nama bangsa Turki dan budaya. Kajian ini adalah himpunan kajian yang bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan nilai-nilai budaya yang dilindungi di Turki menurut perjanjian perlindungan UNESCO Warisan Budaya dan menjelaskan keperluan perlindungan nilai-nilai ini dari segi pelancongan dan manfaat kemampanan.

Kata kunci: Pelancongan, budaya, UNESCO, warisan budaya.

IntroductionSustainability (Demir, 2015: 1), which was first used in the 1987 report “Our Common Future”, emerged against the irreversible consumption and disappearance of resources, with transition from production society to consumer society in recent years. It has been the subject of discussion and of research for tourism especially as globalization has open and made known to the world the intangible and abstract values of societies.

Globalization resulting in rapid interaction among people, has affected countries economically, politically and culturally and this phenomenon is seen in underdeveloped and developing countries affected by developed

countries. (Lakes and Carter, 2012: 108, Tezcan, 2002: 55). As a result, the local cultures around the world have been affected negatively and the cultural heritage of the societies has faced the danger of extinction (Gürkan, 2015: 1). This has led to the need to protect cultural heritage, which has been produced and developed by people the benefit of mankind by people for centuries (Erkal, 2010: 1). SOKÜM (Intangible Cultural Heritage) Convention’s concept of “intangible culture” and its approach to defining this area provide significant opportunities with the aim of preserving, maintaining and developing the cultural diversity and cultural heritage which are destroyed as a result of standardization effects of globalization (Kutlu, 2009: 15).

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Ümit Sormaz et al. 4


UNESCO sees the intangible cultural heritage as an important factor in promoting intercultural dialogue and encouraging mutual respect for different lifestyles while maintaining cultural diversity in the face of increased globalization. UNESCO cares about the intangible cultural heritage in the context of ensuring intercultural interaction in a healthy way, ensuring an environment of tolerance for different cultures and promoting and preserving cultural diversity.

Literature SearchThe initial use of the word “culture” was related to agriculture whose first use is known to be related to agriculture, it is derived from the word “edere-cultura” in the sense of describing soil cultures in Latin (Mejuyev, 1987: 2). The word “cultura”, supposed to be derived from the word “colere”, means to preserve, to reside and cultivate Latin, has begun to be used as a “value of human capacity”. The concept was observed in 1843 as “the human community’s talents and abilities, arts and traditions” and has acquired the meaning of “ability to live together” (Williams, 2005: 107; Uygur and Baykan, 2007: 32; Türker and Çelik, 2012: 88; Bingol, 2010: 12). The most obvious change observed in the historical developmental process in the concept of culture is the concrete use of the concept acquires, over time, an abstract content parallel to the development of the human thought over time (Oğuz, 2011: 137).

In the living world, most of the things that are left in the past, encountered in daily life, or are committed to the future, form a part of the culture (Pehlivan, 2015: 1). Culture, which is the dimension of being an organism and a kind of living in the form of living, formed and has been changed into internal and external environments. It is described as a social order, as a direct or indirect product comprising an entire lifestyle on all layers of “cultural activity” such as language, artistic styles, forms of intellectual work, and primarily shaped by other social activities (Raymond, 1981; Ültanır, 2003, 18).

Culture, also referred to as the “community of learned behaviors,” is not all hereditary and instinctive, but all the habits that each person has gained in life after birth (Kubat, 2013: 20). Scientists acknowledge that a culture is a whole of material and spiritual values of a society and at the same time they are definding culture is a whole with all kinds of information, interests, habits, values, general attitudes, opinions, thoughts and all forms of behavior available in the society (Turhan, 1994: 25). From this point of view, the factors that bring culture to the genre are shown as material and spiritual elements (Table 1) (Karaaslan, 2017: 7).

Cultural HeritageCultural heritage is called “the whole collection of humanity that people live, accumulate, develop, enrich and sustain in all their time periods and convey to their followers” (Artun, 2008: 454). The cultural heritage

Table 1: Material and Spiritual Elements of Culture

Material Elements Spiritual Elements

ObjectiveProduced, developed products by culture

“The visible part of the iceberg”

Subjektive The way people and / or a group of people

interpret events, facts “The unvisible part of the iceberg”

Visible, learnable Confidential, mostly solitary elements

Art, Literature, Theater, Music, Clothing, Language, Architecture, History, Climate,

Geography, Food

Ideas, Views, Behaviors Ideals, Norms, Values, Beliefs, Habits

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UNESCO INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE LIST: TURKEY 5


which gives concrete information about the communities living in different periods and their social, cultural, economic and political life is defined as the works and expressions of human communication and behavior that are inherited from the past generations and need to be preserved for both individual and societal significance (Madran and Özgönül, 2005: 73; Hereduc, 2005: 12). The protection of cultural heritage and the development of love and respect attitudes towards intercultural differences are also important requirements of world peace (Ar, 2015: 12).

It is preserving its existence through continuity and transfer which makes culture valuable. Because of the cross-generation transfer of culture from generation to generation, it is called heritage (Cakir, 2010: 34). The most important factor that makes cultural heritage important is the value society gives to it (Pearson and Sullivan, 1995: 33). Cultural heritage is examined under two basic headings as tangible and non-tangible cultural heritage (Ahmad, 2006: 298, Çengelci, 2012: 187) (Figure 1).

The tangible elements of cultural heritage can be carried on even after the people who created them have gone. The transfer of cultural heritage is often done orally, it is much

more closely related to those who created it. Globalization’s one-of-a-kind (unchanging) politics, lack of grants and lack of understanding endanger many of the tangible cultural heritage items (Georgiev and Terziyska, 2013: 1281).

Factors which created cultural heritage and their constituent elements are shown in Table 2 (Arslan and Ardemagni, 2006: 9).

The Importance of Cultural Heritage in TourismGlobalization is a rapidly increasing trend in the world and many of the societies’ values have spread beyond the national borders and spread around the world and have affected many areas, especially the political, social, economic and cultural fields (Ergin, 1986: 31). Cultural heritage transfer is a process that has been carried out by transferring the accumulation of knowledge that the individual or society has amassed from the past based on experience, both materially and spiritually. Difficulties faced by factors that keep this process active are causing it to slow down or even disappear but we confront it with a quick process as a result of the fact that the plans for protecting these values are not developed and are not violated and the participation of young people and society is not ensured (Altunsabak, 2016: 5).

Figure 1: Cultural Heritage Types

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Tourists are able to experience different cultural practices that they are not accustomed to when they encounter them at the destinations. The intangible cultural heritage elements that reflect the national identity and the way of life of the community can attract tourists with interesting and diverse structures. The ability to sustain the existence of intangible cultural heritage elements as tourist products in a healthy way is a very important issue in of ensuring cultural sustainability in tourism (Ar, 2015: 32-34).

The Importance of Cultural Heritage in Turkey TourismTurkey has a great potential for cultural tourism and is very rich in terms of historical and cultural heritage. Thus protecting the cultural heritage of the Turkish community plays an is important in cultural heritage preservation (Uygur and Baykan, 2007: 46).

When it is considered that more demanding generates more supply in Turkey tourism, the unplanned presentation of many cultural heritages leads to the loss of these particular intangible cultural heritage elements for the use of the tourists (Türker and Çelik, 2012).

Intangible Cultural HeritageIntangible Cultural Heritage Protection Convention face appears as inventories at the national level, while in the international arena are lists. Inventories which are on land within the limits, which was dominated in each country living, a group of people by based on criteria of sustainable ICH elements to be recorded, such as taking the necessary measures for identifying and maintaining the protection process involving a number of processes (Oğuz, 2013: 123). Could it be this? Inventories are dominant in each country o how a group of people live based on criteria of sustainable of ICH elements. The following basic criteria should be taken into consideration in the creation of the National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage (aregem.kulturturizm.gov.tr);

* Value as a proof of human creativity* Rootedness in cultural and social traditions* A representative of the specified community

or group* Risk of disappearing

The five dimensions are determined in the protection convention of intangible cultural heritage (2003) are (Gürkan, 2015:21):

a) Oral traditions and expressions with the language as a carrier in the transfer function of the intangible cultural heritage

Table 2: Factors created cultural heritage and their constituent elements

CULTURAL HERITAGE

TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Unportable Cultural Heritage Portable Cultural HeritageMusic

Folk DancesTheater

LiteratureOral Traditions

Ceremonies, FeastsTraditionsCustoms

Handicraft TraditionTraditional Games etc.

Architectural WorksMonuments

Archaeological SitesHistoric CentersBuilding Groups

Cultural LandscapesHistorical Parks, Gardens

Channels, BridgesWindmills etc..

PicturesSculptures

Library WorksArchives

Jewelery and OrnamentsOld Moneys

Daily ProductsMusical instruments

Photos etc.

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b) Social practices, rituals and festive eventsd) Knowledge and practices about nature and

the universe, and e) Crafts tradition

Turkey within the UNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageTurkey was involved in UNESCO’s process with No. 5448 “Law on the appropriate location of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Agreement” in 2006 and from March 27, 2006. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism, according to Law No. 4848 of Article 13 of the Law on the Organization and Duties of the Research and Education works as the General Directorate of executive departments. Culture and Tourism Ministry, through provincial directorates, is preparing a list of potential ICH elements, and each year they are selected from results of examination of Research and Education Headquarters. The lists are presented to UNESCO for the protection of cultural heritage elements.

Elements of the Representation of Turkey’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List (UNESCO, 2017):

* Meddahlık/ The Art of the Meddah (2008)* Mevlevi Sema Törenleri/ Mevlevi Sema

Ceremony (2008)* Karagöz/ Karagöz (2009)* Nevruz/ Nevruz (Multinational File with

Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey) (2009)

* Geleneksel Sohbet Toplantılar/ Traditional Sohbet Meetings (2010)

* Kırkpınar Yağlı Güreş Festivali/ Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival (2010)

* Alevi-Bektaşi Ritüeli Semah/ Semah, Alevi- Bektaşi Ritual (2010)

* Geleneksel Tören Keşkeği Geleneği/ Ceremonial Keşkek Tradition (2011)

* Mesir Macunu Festivali/ Mesir Macunu Festival (2012)

* Türk Kahvesi Kültürü ve Geleneği/ Turkish Coffee Culture and Tradition (2013)

* Ebru: Türk Kâğıt Süsleme Sanatı/ Ebru: Turkish Art of Marbling (2014)

* Geleneksel Çini Ustalığı/ Traditional Craftsmanship of Çini-Making 2016

* İnce Ekmek Yapma ve Paylaşma Kültürü: Lavaş, Katırma, Yufka/ Flatbread Making and Sharing Culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka (2016)

The Art of the Meddah: The most important element of ‘‘meddah’’ described as an art of telling the stories which means that the artists entertain people by telling several stories and doing imitations for the audience. A storyteller is seated on a chair while performing the art, wand (Pastavia) and wipes (macramé) is engaged in the story using animation and parodies as accessories. Wand can be used to draw the attention of the audience and described in the game as a sound effect to strengthen the expression and also used for the representation of objects and living things. Wipes are used to change the voice or play the role of variety of characters. There are historical records and have symbolic meaning of these items used in the games, for meddah tradition (Picture 1).

Picture 1: The art of the meddah (Feature, 2017)

Meddah Tradition was listed in the Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2003, and taken into UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List in 2008 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Mevlevi Sema Ceremony: Sema; It symbolizes the different stages of the way to reach Allah. The themes of religious in nature. This is described as hosting a ceremony with detailed rules and qualifications in this state. Traditional Mevlevi music accompanies the

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Sema Ceremony and this is how Mevlevi culture can be conveyed and spread. The ceremony has mystical symbols and meanings at different parts expressing unity with each other. During the time of Rumi Jalaluddin Rumi (d. Dec. 17, 1273), this special Mevlevi ceremony was done without being tied to a certain rule but in the time of Grand Arif Çelebi Sultan Veled, it was conducted in a disciplined manner. These rules developed in Pir Adil Celebi’s time and have been shaped since then.

In Semâ ceremony salute section consists of four parts: 1. salute, comprehend the man’s servitude; 2. salute, admire the power of Allah; 3. salute, the conversion of love of admiration across power; 4. salute, describes his return to serve the servitude. The ceremony ends with recitation of the Koran and prayers.

Picture 2: Mevlevi Sema Ceremony (Konyakutup, 2017)

Sema Ceremony, proclaimed as Masterpieces of the Verbal and Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO’s Masterpieces in the framework of the Program in 2005, has been registered in 2008 to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on behalf of our country introduced all over the world (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Âşıklık (Minstrelsy) Tradition: Minstrelsy tradition is an art that requires one to master the Turkish subtleties and training is through learned master-apprentice relationship. In Anatolia minstrel tradition, the traveler poet, who tells

stories and reads poetry and plays instrument “aşık”.

In Anatolia cultural memory, it is an important expression of the cultural diversity and richness. Minstrelsy is a versatile art that shaped through the centuries till today which includes poetry, music and storytelling. One of the important aspect of the minstrelsy, based its own tradition and application, is the ability to live and look at the lifestyle of the period, reflecting on the ethical and aesthetic values and catering to the masses (Picture 3).

Picture 3: Âşıklık (Minstrelsy) Tradition (Aragem, 2017)

Minstrelsy tradition, as of 2009, is registered with UNESCO’s Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Karagöz: The game that Turks take advantage of the shade to shade technique to develop and play according to their own understanding of art and aesthetics is called Karagoz. Karagöz is a shadow based on the principle of moving people, animals or objects stuck in the bars made of camel or buffalo leather, called “tasvir” with lights behind the big screen. The main characters of the Karagöz are Karagöz and Hacivat (Picture 4).

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Picture 4: Karagöz (Aragem, 2017)

Karagöz is registered in the Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List by Turkey in 2009 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Nevruz: The word Nevruz is a combination of two Persian words, ‘nev’ (new) and ‘ruz’ (day) and the meaning is ‘yeningun’. It is the New Year celebrated by Turks living in Central Asia, Turks and Iranians. The nomad and farming communities adopts this day as the onset of the farming activities and it is also a ceremony of abundance for the latter. Nevruz sets up a favorable environment in which mane applications using the information concerning the universe and nature are done they have to live in abundance and blessings. It also increases the sense of belonging among people and communities by strengthening social cohesion as well (Picture 5).

Picture 5: Nevruz (Aragem, 2017)

Nevruz is registered Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List by Turkey in 2009 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Traditional Sohbet Meetings: These are traditional but seasonal meetings held which are attended by men only and are held during the winter months and these gatherings assisted in strengthening social affinities and solidarity. The days for the meeting are Thursday, Friday or Saturday and would start in the evening till midnight or beyond. Every member is expected to come and leave on time. The primary purpose of such meetings is to have conversatins and fun outside of work. It is used as a platform to preserve their oral traditional and sustain their commonalities in their culture and values that have to be passed on to the future generations and to cultivate a sense of respect and support especially in the younger generations. Sohbat topics could extend to include topics in politics, economy, society and health. These meetings have important contribution to keep alive and pass the Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage and cultivate a sense of respect and support especially to our young generations. (Picture 6).

Picture 6: Traditional Sohbet Meetings (Aragem, 2017)

Traditional Sohbet Meetings is registered to UNESCO’s Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List by Turkey in 2010 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival: This started in Rumelia in the 14th century until

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today now (648 years). It is one of the world’s oldest festivals. Two people wrest with each other within a delineated area without tools and equipment but with rules and time limit. It is a physical and mental fight.

Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling contains many rituals. It is usually held at the end of June. The festival begins on Friday with a recitation of prayers for wrestlers and the wrestling is done on the lawn. The winner takes the Baspehlivan title and gold belt, a prestigious award for a year. Wrestlers who have Baspehlivan for three consecutive years will have the gold belt (Picture 7).

Picture 7: Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival (Aragem, 2017)

Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling was as registered in UNESCO’s Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List by Turkey in 2010 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Semah, Alevi- Bektaşi Ritual: The followers of Alevi-Bektasi have twelve services of the Cem rituals and Semah is one of them. They are defined as a set of mystical and aesthetic movements executed by semah dancers and accompanied by the zakir, the musical performers. In mant parts of Turkey semah is performed but takes on different names such as zemah, samah, Semag, zamaha. In terms of music and rhythm structure of whirling, it is possible to encounter different ways of doing the semah, even if the name is the same. The presence of these differences in the term or the melody indicates the richness of the culture of whirling dervish (Picture 8).

Picture 8: Semah, Alevi- Bektaşi Ritual (Aragem, 2017)

Semah, Alevi- Bektaşi Ritual has registered to UNESCO’s Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List since 2010 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Traditional Keşkek Tradition: Kesek is a dish prepared and served during certain ceremonies such as wedding ceremonies and feasts and it is prepared collectively by both the menfolk and the ladies. It is made of wheat and meat cooked together in big boilers. The young learn to cook this dish from the master cooks.

Traditional Keşkek Tradition has registered to UNESCO’s Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List since 2011 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017) (Picture 9).

Picture 9: Traditional Keşkek Tradition (Aragem, 2017)

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Mesir Paste Festival: Mesir paste festival dates back to about 470 years and originated in Manisa City. This festival includes mane traditional activities and is known and adopted by communities in other parts of Tukey. It is based on a story about sharing of the paste, originally regarded as a medicine. Now it is part of the local cultural tradition (Picture 10).

Picture 10: Mesir Paste Festival (UNESCO, 2017)

Mesir Paste Festival is registered to UNESCO’s Non-Tangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Representative List as name for Turkey in 2012 (Türker and Çelik, 2012: 91; Ar, 2015: 18; Pehlivan, 2015: 19; Aragem, 2017).

Turkish Coffee Culture and Tradition: Turkish coffee culture and tradition go back to the 16th century when coffee started to be served at coffeehouses in Istanbul. The tradition has two distinguishable aspects which make its taste unique and is a means toward socialization.

As a beverage Turkish coffee carries special preparation and brewing techniques. It is one of the oldest coffee making methods still in use. The traditional techniques used in preparing coffee led to the development of special tools and silverware such as the boiling pot (cezve), coffee cup (fincan) and mortars which have artistic value. Turkish Coffee leaves a long lasting taste on someone’s palate due to its preparation techniques which require time and freshness is important. It is softer, more aromatic and more concentrated than other types of coffee. It is easy to distinguish from other coffees with its aroma, ground and foam peculiar to it (Picture 11).

Picture 11: Turkish Coffee Culture and Tradition (UNESCO, 2017)

Turkish coffee culture and tradition was registered on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity behalf of Turkey in 2013 (Aragem, 2017; UNESCO, 2017).

Ebru; Turkish Art of Marbling: Ebru is the traditional art of creating colorful patterns by sprinkling and brushing color pigments on a pan of oily water and then transforming this pattern to a special paper. It has been a traditional art for making book enriching calligraphy and binding books for many centuries. In the 13th century, the first forms of Ebru emerged in Central Asia and spread to Anatolia. During the Ottoman period, Turkish calligraphers and artists created new forms and perfected the techniques.

Ebru is an art which consists of certain patterns and effects in the production, by means of colors contain a few drops of ox-gall (a kind of natural acid) which is sprinkled onto the water mixed kitre (kind of herbal gum), and then to float on the preparation of condensed liquid. Patterns would be formed on the surface of the liquid and are taken off by laying a sheet of paper (Picture 12).

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Picture 12: Ebru; Turkish Art of Marbling (Aragem, 2017)

Ebru; Turkish Art of Marbling was registered on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on behalf of Turkey in 2014 (Aragem, 2017; UNESCO, 2017).

Traditional Craftsmanship of Çini-Making: From the 12th century, craftsmen had made glazed tiles ceramic household stuffs and wallboards of several colors and motifs by firing the pulped clay soil called “cini”. It is a traditional Turkish art where the craftsmanship shaped around this Turkish traditional art with its own specific production and adornment techniques like “minai”, “luster”, “polishing”, “underglaze” and the design embellished reflect the beliefs and customs of the locals.

People in cini maing have used “underglaze technique” since 16th century. They prepare using their traditional production knowledge about nature. İn this method clay is pulped (Picture 13) (Aragem, 2017; UNESCO, 2017).

Picture 13: Traditional Craftsmanship of Çini-Making (Aragem, 2017)

Flatbread Making and Sharing Culture; Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka: The preparation of flat bread involves traditional practices based on collective labor and sharing. As an indication of social solidarity in rural areas, each family prepare and cook their breads together with the help of their neighbors.

Traditionally, flatbread is cooked at home by family members, in restaurants and bakeries by flatbread masters, who learn their trade through a master-apprentice relationship. In addition to their daily preparation and consumption, these breads are also prepared for special occasions and ceremonies such as holidays, weddings and funerals. On such special days, the people who will participate in the collective making of flatbread, bring their own flour and tools with her to show social solidarity (Picture 14) (Aragem, 2017; UNESCO, 2017).

Picture 14: Flatbread Making and Sharing Culture; Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka (Aragem, 2017)

Result and SuggestionsNow tourists would like to go to places of natural beauty, try regional food/dishes and take part in traditional activities. If the traditional intangible cultural heritage is well maintained protected and practiced, the number of tourist visiting these places and experiencing tradition and culture will increase.

Turkey’s own historic and cultural heritages play an important role in cultural tourism. Protecting the heritage is deemed important for tourist who have chosen this country to visit and for generations to come. Turkey has

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more cultural worth that can be extended to UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage.

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