UNEP training for climate change mitigation - lighting

Southeast Asia network of climate change focal points

Training programme on Energy Efficient technologies for climate

change mitigation in Southeast Asia

ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

( Industries, Public Utilities & Residential

Buildings)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY INFORMATION

SHARING SERIES


Introduction

• Lighting energy consumption

• 20-45% in commercial buildings

• 3-10% in industrial plants

• Significant energy savings can be

realized with a minimal capital investment


– Lamp(s)

• Equipment to produce light

– Luminaire • Distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from lamp(s)

• Includes the necessary parts for fixing and protecting the lamps

• May include circuit auxiliaries

– Gear • Ballast

• allast provides necessary starting voltage to fluorescent and HID lamps and limits and regulates the lamp current during operation

• Agitator helps to start high intensity metal halide and sodium vapour lamps.

Components of a lighting system


Definitions and Common Terms

Lumen

• 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt

• 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1

m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at

the centre

Lux

• metric unit of measure for illuminance on a

surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2


Types of Lighting Systems

• Incandescent lamps

• Tungsten Halogen Lamps

• Fluorescent lamps

• High pressure sodium lamps

• Low pressure sodium lamps

• Mercury vapour

• Metal halide

• Blended

• LED lamps

HID lamps


Color rendering index (CRI)

Color rendering

groups

CIE general color

rendering Index(Ra)

Typical application

1A Ra > 90 Wherever accurate color rendering is required

e.g. color printing inspection

1B 80 < Ra < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments are

necessary or good color rendering is required

for reasons of appearance e.g. display lighting

2 60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is

required

3 40 < Ra < 60 Wherever color rendering is of little

significance but marked distortion of color is

unacceptable

4 20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of no importance

at all and marked distortion of colour is

acceptable



Incandescent Lamps

• Emit radiation mainly in

the visible region

• Bulb contains vacuum or

gas filling

• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt

• Color rendering index: 1A

• Color temperature: 2500 –

2700 K

• Lamp life <2000 hrs


Incandescent (GLS ) Lamps



Fluorescent Lamps

• 3 – 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent

lamps and last 10 – 20 times longer

• Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor

and causes radiation

• Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps


Luminous Efficacy


Fluorescent Lamps


Better T8, 26 mm

68 Lm/W

Good T12, 38 mm

60 Lm/W

Best T5, 16

mm

104

Lm/W


5000 Hours

Good FTL 40W

T12, 38 mm dia

8000 Hours

Better FTL 36W

T8, 26 mm

dia

20000 Hours

Best FTL 28W

T5, 16 mm

dia


Compact Fluorescent Lamps


EFFICIENCIES OF LIGHTING SOURCES

Comparison of Efficiencies of Different Lighting Sources

1.01.2 1.3

1.6

4.95.2

4.9

6.1

6.7

5.2

6.0

8.0

7.4

10.0

11.6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12In

ca

nd

.

GLS

25

GLS

40

GLS

60

GLS

10

0

CFL

SL1

3P

SL1

8P

SL2

5P

PL1

1

PL1

5 FL

TL-1

2 +

MB

TLD

-8 +

MB

TLD

-8 S

up

er+

MB

TLD

8 S

up

er

+ E

B

TLD

8 S

up

er

+ E

B

TL-5

Su

pe

r +

EB

Co

mp

ari

son

(R

efe

ren

ce

: G

LS2

5 =

1)


EFFICIENCIES OF LIGHTING SOURCES



High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps

• Used in outdoor and industrial applications

• Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter,

ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury

• No starting electrodes

• High efficacy: 60 – 80 lumen/Watt

• Color rendering index: 1 - 2

• Color temperature: warm

• Lamp life < 24,000 hrs


High pressure sodium vapor lamps



Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

• Commonly included in the HID family

• Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt

• Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white

or grey shades

• Limited to outdoor applications

• Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3

• Color temperature: yellow

• Lamp life < 16,000 hours



Mercury Vapor Lamps

• Oldest HID lamp

• Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon

gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer

phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope

• Long life and low initial costs

• Very poor efficacy: 30 – 65 lumens/Watt

• Color rendering index: 3

• Color temperature: intermediate

• Lamp life: 16000 – 24000 hours


Mercury Lamps


Metal halide Lamps


Case : MERCURY Vs. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP

• A 4,000 m2 working area in a factory

• Need for new lighting system

– Required task illuminance: 450 lux

• Proposals under consideration

– Mercury vapour lamp (efficacy: 56 lm/W)

– High-pressure sodium vapour lamp (efficacy: 93

lm/W)

• Period of use: 5,000 h/year

• Electricity price: US$0.06/kWh


MERCURY Vs. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP



LED Lamps

• Newest type of energy efficient lamp

• Two types:

• red-blue-green array

• phosphor-coated blue lamp

• Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and

can produce “white light”

• Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the

technology is rapidly progressing

• Significant energy savings: 82 – 93%

• Longest lamp life: 40,000 – 100,000 hours



Reflectors

• Impact how much light reaches

area and distribution pattern

• Diffuse reflectors:

• 70-80% reflectance but declining in time

• painted or powder coated white finish

• Specular reflectors:

• 85-96% reflectance and less decline in time

• Polished or mirror-like

• Not suitable for industrial open-type strip

fixtures



Gear

• Ballast

• Current limiting device

• Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights

• Igniters

• Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps


Comparing lamps

Type of Lamp

Lum / Watt Color

Rendering

Index

Typical Application Life (Hours)

Range Avg.

Incandescent 8-18 14 Excellent Homes, restaurants, general

lighting, emergency lighting

1000

Fluorescent Lamps 46-60 50 Good w.r.t.

coating

Offices, shops, hospitals,

homes

5000

Compact fluorescent

lamps (CFL)

40-70 60 Very good Hotels, shops, homes,

offices

8000-10000

High pressure mercury

(HPMV)

44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories,

garages, car parking, flood

lighting

5000

Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting,

stadium exhibition grounds,

construction areas

2000-4000

High pressure sodium

(HPSV) SON

67-121 90 Fair General lighting in factories,

ware houses, street lighting

6000-12000

Low pressure sodium

(LPSV) SOX

101-175 150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals,

street lighting

6000-12000


Designing with Light

Illuminance

level (lux)

Examples of Area of Activity

General Lighting for

rooms and areas used

either infrequently

and/or casual or simple

visual tasks

20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas,

outdoor stores , stockyards

50 Exterior walkways & platforms.

70 Boiler house.

100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc.

150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms.

General lighting for

interiors

200 Minimum service illuminance on the task

300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in

chemical and food industries, casual reading and filing

activities.

450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and

machine assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks.

1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small

precision mechanism assembly; electronic components,

gauging & inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly

provided by local task lighting)

Additional localized

lighting for visually

exacting tasks

3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small

parts of instruments, watch making, engraving.

Recommended light levels for different tasks (BEE India, 2005)


High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries

Examples (9 – 75% savings):

• Metal halide lamps to replace mercury / sodium

vapor lamps

• HPSV lamps where color rendering is not critical

• LED panel indicator lamps to replace filament lamps

• Luminaries with mirror optics instead of

conventional painted ones

Energy Efficiency Opportunities


For improving energy efficiency (T12 to T8/T5


Efficiency in outdoor lighting


Efficacy Comparison


Ballast

Southeast Asia network of climate change focal points 35

Electronic Ballasts instead of Electromagnetic Ballasts

• Oscillators that convert supply frequency to about

20,000 – 30,000 Hz

• Available for fluorescent tube lights, CFLs

• Benefits in fluorescent tube lights:

• Reduced power loss: 1 Watt instead of 10-15 Watt

• Improved efficacy at higher frequencies

• Elimination of starter: no flickering



For improving energy efficiency


Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors

• Timers: switching of unnecessary lights

• Twilight switches: depending on availability

of daylight

• Occupancy sensors: depending on

presence of people

• Applicable for general areas, conference

rooms, cubicles, restrooms, exteriors


Occupancy sensors


Reduction of Lighting Feeder Voltage

• Can save energy

• Provided drop in light

output is acceptable

Effect of voltage variation of fluorescent tube

light parameters (BEE India, 2005)

6

Perc

en

tag

e

Supply voltage percentage

1) Lamp current 2) Circuit power, 3) Lamp power,

4) Lamp output 5) lamp voltage 6) lamp efficiency

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

6




Use Natural Day Lighting

• North lighting

• Glass strips across the roof

• Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic

(FRP)

• Atrium with FRP dome

• Natural light from

windows


De-lamping to Reduce Excess Lighting

• Effective method to reduce energy

consumption

• Reducing lamp height combined with de-

lamping: illuminance hardly affected

• Complicated for series wired ballasts

• Less problematic with parallel wired ballast



Energy efficiency : Lighting power density

(LPD)


Comparison


ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES IN LIGHTING

SYSTEM

• Reduce lighting levels to meet actual requirements in locations where levels are more than required

• Use the most energy efficient lamps wherever possible

• Use efficient lighting fixtures (reflectors, louvers, housings)

• Use energy efficient ballasts for application

• Use daylighting to the fullest extent possible

• Install manual and/or automatic switching and control systems to ensure close control of lighting

• Undertake regular maintenance program of replacing lamps, cleaning luminaires, replacing defective components and cleaning surrounding surfaces


OPTIONS TO REDUCE EXCESS LIGHTING

• Use task lighting

• Physically group the tasks with similar lighting requirements, if possible

• Remove a number of lamps to reduce general illumination levels

• Reduce general lighting level by controlled dimming without sacrificing the symmetry of the lighting fixture pattern


A Case Study : Building A Case Study : Building


Floor Lighting

Incan FTL FTL(20W) CFL Total kw

GROUND 0 222 22 55 13

FIRST 0 684 57 24 38

SECOND 0 686 40 18 38

THIRD 7 591 0 3 32

FOURTH 0 613 26 23 34

FIFTH 0 420 22 3 23

CORRIDORS 0 361 0 195 24

CANTEEN 0 141 0 0 7

CAMPUS 23

TOTAL 7 3718 167 322 231

LIGHTING INVENTORY

15% OF CONNECTED LOAD 29% OF ENERGY CONS. (0.7 m KWH)


LIGHTING LOAD SHARE

72%

7%

9%

9%3%

Office Area

Toilet+Tea Room

Campus

Corridor

Canteen


LIGHTING LUX DISTRIBUTION

Lux level Distribution in office area

21%

28%

40%

10%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250

Range

78% of the working station is well illuminated


LUX DISTRIBUTION IN NON-ESSENTIAL AREAS

Lux level distribution in non essential areas

14%

14%

36% 36%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250Lux level range

Improper lux distribution in Non essential area


LUX DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS

FLOOR LUX LEVEL LUX/M

2

WATT/M

2 MAX MIN AVG

FIRST 428 165 217 9.88 11.54

SECOND 450 80 215 12.81 15.37

THIRD 355 80 186 9.54 11.80

FOURTH 430 40 187 9.47 10.75

FIFTH 485 45 197 9.46 10.33

TOTAL

BUILDING 485 40 200 10.23 11.96

LIGHTING INDEX : 11.96 WATT/M2


LIGHTING : BASE LINE ESTABLISHMENT

Floor wise

Measurements

at 8 DB points

Per FTL

≈ 54.1 watt

Single Tube light

measurement

Per FTL

≈ 40 watt

Measurement at

Substation

Emergency

panel & estimated

Per FTL

≈ 53.3 watt

Result : Consumption per FTL = 54watts


ENCON OPTIONS

Essential Area lux level : 200-220

Non-Essential area lux level : 120

Minimum physical change

Delamping

Elimination of incandescent lamp

High Lumen tube lights (T5)

Electronic Ballast

CFL

Control Techniques

E

C

M


LIGHTING LOAD MANAGEMENT

KW KWH/ANNUM

AS IS 160 528000

TO BE 99 326700

SAVINGS 61 201300

% SAVINGS 38 38

REPLACING WITH T5 LAMPS & ELECTRONIC CHOKES IN

ESSENTIAL AREAS

ANNUAL SAVING (‘000 $) 20

INVESTMENT (‘000 $)

SIMPLE PB PERIOD (YEARS)

45

2.25



KW KWH/ANNUM

AS IS 37 122100

TO BE 15 49500

SAVINGS 22 72600

% SAVINGS 59 59

REPLACING WITH 22W CFL IN NON-ESSENTIAL AREAS




8.5

1.06



KW KWH/ANNUM

AS IS 19.1 68760

TO BE 7.1 25560

SAVINGS 12 43200

% SAVINGS 62.8 62.8

REPLACING FTLs WITH 22W CFL IN CORRIDORS




6

1.2


LIGHTING POWER INDEX

As is

To Be

S10

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

wa

tt /

sq

me

ter

As is To Be 55%

Improvement


A Case Study : Public Utility

Energy Efficient Street Lights


Present Scenario

• Busy & Important road

segment of 1.1 km in South

India

• 36 x 250 watt HPSV lights

supplied from 3 supply

feeders

• RCC Pole height = 9.5 m

• Pole to Pole distance is

irregular varying from 22m

to 39 m

• Timers are installed

• The road is having central

verge


Baseline Power Consumption per Lamp

Location Remark Volt Am

p PF KW

Power

Cons./Lamp

(Watt)

Keltron

S/S

13 numbers of 250W

HPSV lamps were ON 236 34.8 0.42 3.45 265

Single

Fitting

GE Make measured

at KSEB 223 2.98 0.39 0.26 259

Pole -10 5 numbers of 250W

HPSV lamps were ON 226 13.6 0.41 1.26 252

Average (Obtained from above) 228.3 0.41 258.8

Avg. Power = 259 w per lamp


Lux Measurement

Locations

Lux (Avg.) in Road

Positions

Along the Pole

Pole side

Half Other Half

Under Light Fittings 19 - 20.5 -

Middle of the road 16.5 - 19.5 6 - 8

Edge of the Middle

Verge 13 - 14.5 9 - 13.5

Edge of the road - 4 - 4.5

Between Two

Poles

Pole side

Half Other Half

Between Poles 5.3 - 9.3 -

Middle of the road 5 - 7 3 - 4

Edge of the Middle

Verge 4.7 - 5.3 4 - 5.3

Edge of the road - 1.7 - 3


Demonstration : LED Street Light

• Make : SECO

• Power Consumption : 100 Watt

• Supply Voltage : 180-250 V AC

• LED Type : 5 mm

• Electrical Connection: Lead wire 1m long

• LED Cluster : 1400

• Dimensions (mm) : 750x230x125

• Dispersion angle : 60 degree


Measurement of Electrical Parameters

LED Lamp Power Measurements

Voltage (Max) Volt 227.5

Voltage (Min) Volt 221.3

Voltage (Avg.) Volt 225

Supply Frequency HZ 48.8

Current Amp 0.80

Power Factor 0.46 (Leading)

Power Consumption Watt 98.11

Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) % 13


Lux Level Measurement

Locations

Lux (Avg.) in Road

Positions

Along the Pole

Pole side

Half

Other

Half

Under Light

Fittings 26 -

Middle of the road 22 -

Edge of the

Middle Verge 15 14

Edge of the road - -


Analysis

Present Annual Energy Bill $ 1000

Total Cost of Energy $ 1000

Number of installed lamps No. 36

Utilization factor 0.95

Total usage hour per annum Hr 4380

Power Consumption / Lamp Watt 259

Estimated Energy Consumption KWH 40839

Energy Cost per Unit $/kwh 0.06


Cost-Benefit

Present Consumption / Lamp 0.259 kw

Annual glowing hours 4380 hrs

No. of lamps 36

Total Annual Energy Consumption 40839.12 kwh

Expected consumption/lamp 100 watt

Expected Annual Energy consumption 11037.6 kwh

Annual Energy Saving 25071 kwh

Energy Cost/unit 0.06 $

Annual Energy Bill Saving 1504 $

Investments

Cost per Lamp 550 $

Total cost for 36 fittings 19800 $

Installation Cost 800 $

Timers & Energy Meter Cost 680 $

Total Cost 21280 $

Simple Pay Back Period 14 Years


A Case Study : High Mast Tower

Energy Efficient Lights


Present System

• In major installations such as Depots, Oil

terminals, retail outlets, LPG Plants,

Refineries, Petrochemicals, Railways, High

ways, Fly over's, Dry ports, Defence

establishments, normally sodium vapour/

Metal Halides lamps are used for lighting

purpose.

• One of the major area of concern is high cost

of power and maintenance.


Proposed System • A new technology, known as electrode less induction lighting, under the heating

“mag-coupled lamps” is available. The following table gives the comparison

between mag-coupled Electrode less lamps with HPSV Lamps

Comparison between Mag-Coupled Electrodeless Lamps with HPSV Lamps

Comparative

Parameters

Mag-Coupled Electrodeless

lamps

High Pressure Sodium

Vapour Lamps (HPS)

Actual Life >60,000 hours About 10,000 hours

Dimming Setting 50% power reduction with

timer

Not available in this

configuration

Color Rendering Index

(CRI)

> 80 ; Improves visibility 80

Lamp temperature Lower <80OC, Reduce A/c

cost

Higher > 350OC, increase

A/c cost

Power Factor > 0.98 0.85

Excellent energy efficiency Low energy efficiency

Electric Current 200W , 0.97 A, 150W < 0.74

A; Effectively reduces the

wiring gauge requirement &

circuit switch capacity by 50%

Approx. 4.0A


Voltage Fluctuation and

Lamp Efficiency

Fluctuation

+ 20% / + 3% + 10% / + 20%

Re-Strike Possibility Yes, Instantaneous No, 2-15 minute waiting

period

Surface Temperature Hot to the touch Extremely hot, will cause

injuries

Warranty Period 5 years warranty on lamp, 1 year on lamp and electrical

apparatus 2 years on electrical apparatus

Lumen depreciation rate

(%)

5% @ 2000 hrs 30% @ 2000 hrs

Flicker None Much

Glare None Much

Environment friendly No, mercury, No any waste

lamps in 10 years

Much concern of lots of

waste lamps

Power Output Stability Permanent power, steady

output, flicker free

High fluctuation, flicker

visible

Comparative

Parameters

Mag-Coupled Electrodeless

lamps

High Pressure Sodium

Vapour Lamps (HPS)


Demonstration

• A Pilot project has been

implemented in one of the oil

terminal India. The project

has been carried out for

reducing over all power

consumption in tower lights.

For demonstration purpose

one tower was selected and

existing HPSV Lamps has

been replaced with

electrode-less lamps. The

cost benefit of the project is

given below.


Cost-Benefit

Power consumption in watts

Lux at 30 mtr. Distance

Energy Saving Potential

Energy consumption with HPSV lamps (16 x 400 Watts + 40 Watts per Choke) – Tower No. 2 Old System

7040 8 -10

Energy consumption with 200 Watts electrode less lamps (12 x 200 Watts) – Tower No. 2 New System

2310 12


Cost-Benefit

Annual savings w.r.t 200 Watts electrode-less lamps (12 x 200 Watts)

4.73 kW

Operating hours per day 12 12

Annual working days 365

Annual operating hours 4380

Annual Energy Savings 20717 kWh

Average Energy Cost ($/kWh) 0.15 $

Annual Monetary Savings 3107 $

Cost of one Electrode-less lamp-200 Watts

520 $

No. of 200 watts electrode-less lamps installed

12

Total cost for one tower (12x200 Watts) 6240 $

Simple pay back period with energy savings

2.0 Years


Cost-Benefit

HPSV Replacement cost:

No of 400 W HPSV lamps in 3 Towers 48

No of lamps replaced in 17 months 39

No of Ballast replaced 25

No of capacitors / Ignitors replaces 20

Expenditure for Replacement ($) 1100

Average Replacement cost / Year for 3 Towers ($)

700

Replacement cost for 1 Tower ($) 230

Simple pay back period including energy savings and reduction in Replacement expenditure

1.8 Years


Comparison of HPSV & Electrode-less Lamps

HPSV Lamps Electrode Less Lamps

ILLUMINATION


For further inquiries Contact

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

UNEP training for climate change mitigation - lighting

Business

Transcript of UNEP training for climate change mitigation - lighting