UNDP-Fordham University Panel Women’s Access to Education January 30, 2007

Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

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Getting All Girls Into School: Overcoming Exclusion

Marlaine LockheedCenter for Global Development

UNDP-Fordham University Panel

Women’s Access to EducationJanuary 30, 2007

Fordham University Lincoln Center Campus


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Gender Parity in Primary Enrollments Rose Between 1960 and 2000


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60 Million Primary School Age Girls are Out of School

Region Girls out of school

(‘000s)

% from

excluded groups

Sub Saharan Africa 23,827 75

South Asia 23,552 67

Middle East & N. Africa 5,092 33

Latin America & Caribb. 1,497 99

East Asia & Pacific 4,870 90

E. Europe & Central Asia 1,583 90

Total 60,421 71


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70 Percent of Out of School Girls are from Excluded Groups

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

World SSA SA MENA LAC EAP ECA

Girls

"Excluded"girls


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Socially Excluded Groups are Marginalized by:

• Stigmatization

• Ethnic differences

• Low status • “Involuntary” minority status


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Elasticities for Heterogeneity

Coefficient Female PCR (log)

Male PCR – Female PCR (log)

Learning score (log)

Heterogeneity

(ethno-linguistic fractionalization)

-0.22*** 0.09*** -0.17***


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School Enrollment, Attainment, Completion for Excluded Girls

• Nigeria – 35% lower probability

• India – 11 percentage points lower

• Laos – 6 years fewer

• Pakistan – 30-55 percentage points lower

• Guatemala – 40 percentage points lower

• Slovak Republic – 45 percentage points lower


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Quechua Girls Outperform Quechua Boys in 5th Grade, Peru 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Reading Math

Quechua Girls

Quechua Boys

Urban Girls

Urban Boys


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Indigenous Girls Outperform Indigenous Boys in Ecuador

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Grade 5 Math

Indigenous Girls

Indigenous Boys

Nonindigenous Girls

Nonindigenous Boys


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First, Improve and Diversify the Supply of Education

• Altering education policies and addressing discrimination

• Expanding schooling options

• Improving the quality and relevance of schools and classrooms


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Second, Create Incentives for Households to Send Girls to School

• Conditional cash transfers

• Scholarships and stipends

• School feeding programs


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Practical Actions to Promote Education for Excluded Girls

• The Unesco Institute for Statistics should report school participation and achievement data disaggregated by gender and exclusion

• Bilateral, multilateral and private donors should target their support to programs that have demonstrated positive effects for excluded girls

• Girls’ Education Evaluation Fund


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Unanswered Questions

• Exactly how large is the problem?

• Under what conditions are various program effective?

• What would it cost to implement these programs?

• How can countries overcome historical inequities and exclusion?

UNDP-Fordham University Panel Women’s Access to Education January 30, 2007

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