(un)Divided Cyprus(un)Divided Cyprus

By David McDonoghBy David McDonogh

SummarySummary

BasicsBasics– Geography, History, Conflict, SidesGeography, History, Conflict, Sides

Recent tries for ReunificationRecent tries for Reunification

Points of ContentionPoints of Contention

UN involvementUN involvement

My ProposalMy Proposal

The IslandThe Island

Island South of Turkey in Island South of Turkey in MediterraneanMediterraneanSize: 9,251 sq kmSize: 9,251 sq kmTemperate Mediterranean Temperate Mediterranean ClimateClimateTwo major mountain ranges, Two major mountain ranges, the Troodos Range and the the Troodos Range and the Keryneia Range separated Keryneia Range separated by the Messaoria Plainby the Messaoria PlainPopulation: 796,740Population: 796,740Ethnic breakdown: Ethnic breakdown: 77% Greek 77% Greek18% Turkish18% Turkish5% Other5% Other

History of Conquest and DivisionHistory of Conquest and DivisionMany kingdoms have ruled CyprusMany kingdoms have ruled Cyprus

– Egypt, Persia, Assyria, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, The Templars, The OttomansEgypt, Persia, Assyria, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, The Templars, The OttomansBritain annexed Cyprus in 1914Britain annexed Cyprus in 1914

– Cyprus became a crown colony in 1925Cyprus became a crown colony in 19251960 Cyprus becomes an independent nation.1960 Cyprus becomes an independent nation.

– The new constitution eliminates both the possibility of union with Greece and a partition, however it The new constitution eliminates both the possibility of union with Greece and a partition, however it turns out to be unworkable.turns out to be unworkable.

1963 Plans introduced by the President to reform the state met by rebellion by Turkish communities1963 Plans introduced by the President to reform the state met by rebellion by Turkish communities1964 The UN sends a peacekeeping force1964 The UN sends a peacekeeping force1974 President Makarios ousted in a coup by sponsored by the Junta in Athens1974 President Makarios ousted in a coup by sponsored by the Junta in Athens

– This action is met with an invasion by TurkeyThis action is met with an invasion by Turkey1975 UN partitions Cyprus1975 UN partitions Cyprus1983 Turkish Cypriots declare northern Cyprus and independent state1983 Turkish Cypriots declare northern Cyprus and independent state

– The “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” is condemned by the UN, and only recognized by TurkeyThe “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” is condemned by the UN, and only recognized by Turkey2002 New UN sponsored negotiations continue2002 New UN sponsored negotiations continue2003 the EU invites Cyprus to join2003 the EU invites Cyprus to join

– Only Greek Cyprus will join unless a UN reunification plan is accepted before the EU deadline in Only Greek Cyprus will join unless a UN reunification plan is accepted before the EU deadline in 20042004

2004 Greek Cyprus joins the EU2004 Greek Cyprus joins the EU2008 Ledra Street checkpoint is torn down in Nicosia2008 Ledra Street checkpoint is torn down in Nicosia

Conflict OverviewConflict Overview

The conflict is between the Greek and Turkish The conflict is between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities as well as the Republic of Cypriot communities as well as the Republic of Cyprus and Turkey over the ownership of Cyprus and Turkey over the ownership of CyprusCyprus

Each side claims the island due to ethnic Each side claims the island due to ethnic reasonsreasons

The different goals and fears of each side have The different goals and fears of each side have caused negotiations to be fruitlesscaused negotiations to be fruitless

Cyprus TodayCyprus Today

Greek CyprusGreek Cyprus

The Republic of Cyprus (ROC) The Republic of Cyprus (ROC)

Controls the southern part of Controls the southern part of the islandthe island

prosperous economyprosperous economy

EU memberEU member

Turkish CyprusTurkish Cyprus

The Turkish Republic of The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)Northern Cyprus (TRNC)

Controls the northern third of Controls the northern third of the islandthe island

poorer populationpoorer population

Not an EU memberNot an EU member

Only recognized by TurkeyOnly recognized by Turkey

Political SituationPolitical Situation

Cause of The PartitionCause of The Partition

Greek Cypriot extremists supported by the military junta in Athens Greek Cypriot extremists supported by the military junta in Athens ousted president Makarios in 1974ousted president Makarios in 1974– The extremists supported The extremists supported enosisenosis, or union with Greece, or union with Greece

Turkey responded with military action citing the 1960 Treaty of Turkey responded with military action citing the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee and the need to protect Turkish CypriotsGuarantee and the need to protect Turkish Cypriots– The treaty prohibited the union of Cyprus with another power or The treaty prohibited the union of Cyprus with another power or

the partition of the islandthe partition of the island

Turkey has maintained it’s position keeping 37% of the Turkey has maintained it’s position keeping 37% of the island under it’s control since 1974island under it’s control since 1974

Turkey’s PositionsTurkey’s Positions

Turkey had to intervene to protect the Turkey had to intervene to protect the rights of the Turkish Cypriots who would rights of the Turkish Cypriots who would have been oppressed by the majority have been oppressed by the majority Greek Cypriot populationGreek Cypriot populationThey needed to fix the problems in the They needed to fix the problems in the broken Cypriot governmentbroken Cypriot governmentThey support They support TaximTaxim, or the partition to , or the partition to protect the Turkish Cypriotsprotect the Turkish Cypriots

Republic of Cyprus’s PositionRepublic of Cyprus’s Position

Turkey is illegally occupying the northTurkey is illegally occupying the northThey seek reunification with the north and an They seek reunification with the north and an end to Turkish involvement and occupation of end to Turkish involvement and occupation of the Islandthe IslandWant refugees to be able to return to their Want refugees to be able to return to their propertiespropertiesSeek the repatriation of the 100,000 settlers sent Seek the repatriation of the 100,000 settlers sent by Turkeyby TurkeySeek to create a strong central government over Seek to create a strong central government over the entire islandthe entire island

Cypriot’s ViewsCypriot’s Views

Cypriots generally support reunificationCypriots generally support reunification

Greek Cypriots

•Seek departure of Turkish army and settlers

•Want refugees to be able to return home

•Have lived peacefully together with Turkish Cypriots for centuries

Turkish Cypriots

•Do not want Turkish army as protector

•Have stronger cultural connection to the Greek Cypriots then the Turkish Settlers

•Seek to enjoy same standard of living as southern Cyprus

The EU and CyprusThe EU and Cyprus

December 2002 the EU invited Cyprus to join on December 2002 the EU invited Cyprus to join on May 1, 2004May 1, 2004– If a reunification plan is accepted before the deadline, If a reunification plan is accepted before the deadline,

then all of Cyprus joins, if not only southern Cyprusthen all of Cyprus joins, if not only southern Cyprus

The northern government is pushed by Turkey to The northern government is pushed by Turkey to agree to reunificationagree to reunification– Turkey benefits from the proposed reunification planTurkey benefits from the proposed reunification plan– Turkey will have a better chance of entering the EU if Turkey will have a better chance of entering the EU if

they are not occupying an EU memberthey are not occupying an EU member– Most of the EU aid will benefit the northMost of the EU aid will benefit the north

The Annan PlanThe Annan Plan

In January 2002, direct talks supervised by Annan began between In January 2002, direct talks supervised by Annan began between the Republic of Cyprus President Glafcos Clerides and Turkish the Republic of Cyprus President Glafcos Clerides and Turkish Cypriot Leader Rauf DenktashCypriot Leader Rauf Denktash– Kofi Annan introduced his reunification plan in November 2002Kofi Annan introduced his reunification plan in November 2002– In early December, the plan was revised and and effort was In early December, the plan was revised and and effort was

made to gain both side’s signatures before the EU’s made to gain both side’s signatures before the EU’s Copenhagen Summit later that month prior to the EU’s invitation Copenhagen Summit later that month prior to the EU’s invitation for Cyprus to joinfor Cyprus to join

– The UN continued negotiations trying to reunify the island before The UN continued negotiations trying to reunify the island before Cyprus signed the accession to the EU treaty on April 16, 2003.Cyprus signed the accession to the EU treaty on April 16, 2003.

February 2003 Annan proposed a Referendum February 2003 Annan proposed a Referendum

The ReferendumThe Referendum

Negotiations broke down when northern leader Rauf Denktash Negotiations broke down when northern leader Rauf Denktash refused the referendumrefused the referendum– Mass demonstrations were held on the Turkish in favor of Mass demonstrations were held on the Turkish in favor of

reunificationreunification

If both sides accepted the proposed plan, all of Cyprus If both sides accepted the proposed plan, all of Cyprus would join the EU in May of 2004would join the EU in May of 2004– The referendum was held April 24, 2004The referendum was held April 24, 2004– Results:Results:

Greeks 76% NOGreeks 76% NOTurkish 56% YESTurkish 56% YES

– Only Greek Cyprus entered the EU since the reunification was Only Greek Cyprus entered the EU since the reunification was dependent on both partiesdependent on both parties

Reasons the Greeks DeclinedReasons the Greeks Declined

The plan gave to much power and not enough blame to TurkeyThe plan gave to much power and not enough blame to TurkeyThe political power was divided unequallyThe political power was divided unequallyKey issues were not addressed in the planKey issues were not addressed in the plan– BSBA’sBSBA’s– Turkish settlersTurkish settlers– Turkish demilitarizationTurkish demilitarization– Compensation for displacementCompensation for displacement

The plan had many legal issuesThe plan had many legal issues

Reason the Turkish Population Reason the Turkish Population AcceptedAccepted

Most of the EU’s financial aid would benefit the northern part of the Most of the EU’s financial aid would benefit the northern part of the islandisland

Turkish Cypriots no longer see the Greek Cypriots as a threatTurkish Cypriots no longer see the Greek Cypriots as a threat

Turkish Cypriots would gain much power in the governmentTurkish Cypriots would gain much power in the government

Turkish Cypriots had unrestricted allowance to return to their Turkish Cypriots had unrestricted allowance to return to their previous homesprevious homes

Turkey would remain as a power to intervene in the interests of the Turkey would remain as a power to intervene in the interests of the Turkish CypriotsTurkish Cypriots

Tense AreasTense Areas

Ledra Street CrossingLedra Street Crossing

Located in the middle of Nicosia, the capitol of CyprusLocated in the middle of Nicosia, the capitol of Cyprus

Ledra Street Crossing was opened on April 3, 2008Ledra Street Crossing was opened on April 3, 2008– This was a major symbolic move towards reunifications since the This was a major symbolic move towards reunifications since the

crossing has divided the island for decadescrossing has divided the island for decades

Blockaded 1963 at the outbreak of hostilities between Greek and Blockaded 1963 at the outbreak of hostilities between Greek and Turkish CypriotsTurkish Cypriots– The “green line” is a 70m wide divided between the sides patrolled by The “green line” is a 70m wide divided between the sides patrolled by

the UNthe UN

Earlier attempts to open the Crossing were made in 2005Earlier attempts to open the Crossing were made in 2005– The Turkish side tried to build a foot bridge over the Green ZoneThe Turkish side tried to build a foot bridge over the Green Zone

"We are proof for the whole country that we can "We are proof for the whole country that we can live together without any problems"live together without any problems"

Pyla: town in the United Nations buffer zonePyla: town in the United Nations buffer zone

Population: 1337 (850 Greek Cypriots, 487 Turkish Cypriots)Population: 1337 (850 Greek Cypriots, 487 Turkish Cypriots)

Significance: the only place where Greek and Turkish Cypriots live Significance: the only place where Greek and Turkish Cypriots live side by side on the islandside by side on the island

Recent NegotiationsRecent Negotiations

Talks resumed September 2008 after a 4 year lullTalks resumed September 2008 after a 4 year lull– ROC President Mr. Christofias and TRNC President Mr. Talat ROC President Mr. Christofias and TRNC President Mr. Talat

are optimistic that reunification is possibleare optimistic that reunification is possible– Analysts see both leaders as liberal and more willing to Analysts see both leaders as liberal and more willing to

negotiate difficult subjects such as compensation for property negotiate difficult subjects such as compensation for property lossloss

– The leaders face large mistrust on either side when a proposal is The leaders face large mistrust on either side when a proposal is announcedannounced

– The talks have been fruitless so farThe talks have been fruitless so far

UN InvolvementUN Involvement

The UN has played a major role in peacekeeping and negotiations The UN has played a major role in peacekeeping and negotiations since the creation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in since the creation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964 (resolution 186)Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964 (resolution 186)– The Security Council has renewed the mandate every 6 months since The Security Council has renewed the mandate every 6 months since

the creation of UNFICYPthe creation of UNFICYP

The Security Council expanded the responsibilities of the forceThe Security Council expanded the responsibilities of the force– Maintains the de facto ceasefire of 1974 and controls the 180 Km long Maintains the de facto ceasefire of 1974 and controls the 180 Km long

Green Zone between northern and southern CyprusGreen Zone between northern and southern Cyprus– Provides humanitarian aid to Greek Cypriot communities in the north Provides humanitarian aid to Greek Cypriot communities in the north

and vice versaand vice versa– Promote normal civilian activities in the buffer zone and clear minefieldsPromote normal civilian activities in the buffer zone and clear minefields

UNFICYPUNFICYPIs the longest operational peacekeeping forceIs the longest operational peacekeeping force– Created 1964Created 1964– Security Council Resolution 186Security Council Resolution 186

Consists of 3 main partsConsists of 3 main parts– The MilitaryThe Military

Created 1964Created 1964858 troops858 troopsMaintains observation posts in the buffer zone and prevents clashes between the Cyprus National Guard Maintains observation posts in the buffer zone and prevents clashes between the Cyprus National Guard and the Turkish Armyand the Turkish Army

– Civil AffairsCivil AffairsCreated 1998Created 1998Assists communities in the buffer zone and to minorities on either side in issues relation to the conflictAssists communities in the buffer zone and to minorities on either side in issues relation to the conflictOperates permit schedule for farming in the buffer zoneOperates permit schedule for farming in the buffer zoneDistributes government aid/services and escorts pilgrimsDistributes government aid/services and escorts pilgrims

– UNPOL (Police force)UNPOL (Police force)Created 1964Created 196468 officers68 officersInvestigate alleged offences in the buffer zoneInvestigate alleged offences in the buffer zonePrevent illegal bird trapping, immigration, waste dumping and other offencesPrevent illegal bird trapping, immigration, waste dumping and other offencesFacilitate investigations by other police forces in the zoneFacilitate investigations by other police forces in the zoneResolve civil disputes in the buffer zoneResolve civil disputes in the buffer zone

Military DeploymentMilitary Deployment

Civil Affairs DeploymentCivil Affairs Deployment

UNPOL DeploymentUNPOL Deployment

UN SolutionsUN Solutions

The Un has focused it’s energy on preventing further violence and The Un has focused it’s energy on preventing further violence and negotiationsnegotiations– The UN sponsored referendum was the most significant push for The UN sponsored referendum was the most significant push for

reunificationreunification– Talks have continued between the two sides, however, the Talks have continued between the two sides, however, the

different desires of the sides has led to a stalematedifferent desires of the sides has led to a stalemate

A Continued Divide?A Continued Divide?ProsPros

The sides don’t have to deal The sides don’t have to deal with difficult issues such as with difficult issues such as compensation for propertycompensation for propertyNo reoccurrence of violence No reoccurrence of violence UN can focus on other issuesUN can focus on other issuesGives sides time to work out Gives sides time to work out differences and pursue differences and pursue reunification in the futurereunification in the futureRequires least amount of effort Requires least amount of effort by UNby UN

ConsCons

Does not solve the problem but Does not solve the problem but prolongs itprolongs it

Requires indefinite UN troop Requires indefinite UN troop presencepresence

Is against the will of the Cypriot Is against the will of the Cypriot peoplepeople

Does not address the Turkish Troop Does not address the Turkish Troop presence, settlers and atrocitiespresence, settlers and atrocities

Intensifies the division and mistrust Intensifies the division and mistrust between the sidesbetween the sides

Keeps the minorities on either side of Keeps the minorities on either side of the divide isolatedthe divide isolated

Communities in the bufferzone stay Communities in the bufferzone stay suspended in a military zonesuspended in a military zone

Cyprus will remain an area of conflictCyprus will remain an area of conflict

My SolutionMy Solution

Cyprus should become unifiedCyprus should become unified

Turkey should withdraw its troops and Turkey should withdraw its troops and repatriate its settlersrepatriate its settlers

The UN should help the sides find a The UN should help the sides find a government acceptable to both sides government acceptable to both sides without overrepresentation without overrepresentation

My ProposalMy Proposal

1.1. Expand UNFICYP to include a Reunification BranchExpand UNFICYP to include a Reunification Branch1.1. The branch would determine the interests of the Cypriot peopleThe branch would determine the interests of the Cypriot people

Discretion between Cypriots and Turks necessaryDiscretion between Cypriots and Turks necessary

2.2. Compiling the Cypriot’s interests propose a peace plan, accounting for Compiling the Cypriot’s interests propose a peace plan, accounting for the majority of Greek and Turkish Cypriot needsthe majority of Greek and Turkish Cypriot needs

3.3. Hold a referendum on the planHold a referendum on the plan1.1. Considering the results, propose amendments in similar fashionConsidering the results, propose amendments in similar fashion

4.4. Hold elections for interim presidents for the existing states, and a Hold elections for interim presidents for the existing states, and a president for the reunified islandpresident for the reunified island

5.5. Transition power from the interim presidents to the Cyprus governmentTransition power from the interim presidents to the Cyprus government

6.6. Withdraw United Nations involvement once power is fully transitionedWithdraw United Nations involvement once power is fully transitioned

If SettledIf SettledServes as precedent for other conflicts Serves as precedent for other conflicts created by ethnic disputescreated by ethnic disputes– Israel, DarfurIsrael, Darfur

Allows the UN to focus recourses Allows the UN to focus recourses elsewhereelsewhere

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