Underwater Cultural Heritage:Underwater Cultural Heritage:Opportunities for Community EngagementOpportunities for Community Engagement

and Privateand Private--Public PartnershipsPublic Partnerships

Kenneth J. VranaCenter for Maritime & Underwater Resource Management

International Submerged Lands Management ConferenceTraverse City, Michigan

October 27, 2008

CMURM MissionAssist and enable businesses, communities, and governments in making the often-difficult decisions necessary to use wisely and preserve their precious maritime heritage as well as sustain coastal tourism and other economic benefits.

Purposes of Presentation

• Provide examples of community-based organizations and private-public partnerships in the preservation of the underwater culturalheritage.

• Elicit comments and dialogue on these topics for submission of apaper to a peer-reviewed journal in coastal resource management.

Why is this topic important?

• Introduce current concepts in the community development literature.

• Tax-supported sources of public funding are expected to decline,at least in the short-run.

• Growth in community-based organizations.

• Opportunities for entrepreneurship, technology development, andsmall business development in an emerging field of endeavor.

• Opportunities for resource-sharing that benefits communities.

Community Development Concepts“A planned effort to build assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life” (Green and Haines 2002). It is both a process and an outcome to enhance a community’s capacity to deal effectively, efficiently, and equitably with change; initiated and driven by the community.

Visioning

PlanningImplementationand Evaluation

General Process:

Community Organizing

Contexts of Community Development

Public Participation Community Engagement

Cooperation Collaboration

Command and Control Facilitative / Transformational

Organizational:

Social:

Leadership:

Political:

Power Brokering Power Sharing

Instruments of Collaborative Change

Community-based Organizations

Private-Public Partnerships

Building of Community Assets / CapitalPhysical, human, social-cultural, financial, environmental

Formalized results of “mutual benefits, mutually defined”

Strategic Planning and Management“Disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape what an organization is, what it does, and why it does it” (Bryson 1995).

Community development, economic development, recreation and tourism, historical and cultural, research and education

Underwater Cultural Heritage• “The entirety of material produced, altered, and used by humans in the past” (Murphy 1987); found in wet sites, lakes, streams, oceans, and other bodies of water. Examples include prehistoricand aboriginal remains, historic shipwrecks, underwater components of land-based occupations such as commercial fishing and logging camps, and even inundated villages.

• This heritage is held in both private and public ownership.

• Private sector provides a vital role in access to heritage in public ownership by providing most of the recreational, tourism, and hospitality services.

Legal References:Admiralty and Maritime Law (reserved to federal courts by Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution); U.S. Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 (43 U.S.C. 2101 et seq.); and State Statutes.

Note: The United States is not a signatory to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage(2001).

What do we mean by preservation?

• Preservation of physical condition vs.retention of options for future research(i.e. option value).

• “Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying measuresnecessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials ofan historic property” (Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, as amended).

• Who pays? – tough choices forresource managers and communities

• “Tragedy of the commons”

Challenges

• Interrelationships among governmentauthorities, academia, communities,and other stakeholders

Community Engagement and Private-Public PartnershipsCommunity-Based Organizations

Michigan Underwater Preserves:

• Northwest Michigan Maritime Museumand Manitou U/W Preserve Committee

• Thunder Bay U/W Preserve Committee• Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society

• Grand Traverse Bay U/W Preserve Council

Private-Public Partnerships

• Documentation and Assessmentof Side-Wheel Steamer New Orleans

• Dunkirk Schooner Project

• Redridge Dams and Impoundment

• Titanic Mapping Project

• Established primarily for the dual mission of protecting / preserving historic shipwrecks, and to enhance recreational diving and dive tourism.

• Established under state statute, but community / stakeholder driven.

• Responsible state agencies have not yet developed a state-wide general or strategic management plan.

• The Michigan underwater salvage and preserves committee advises responsible state agencies regarding resource management.

• Currently, twelve Michigan underwater preserves totaling over2,700 square miles of Great Lakes bottomlands (submerged lands).

• Maritime museums and/or interpretive centers associated withnearly all state underwater preserves.

• Boat charter services, guides, air stations, and hospitalityservices marketing to recreational divers and cultural tourists.

• Tourism infrastructure provided by local / state governments.

Other Community Assets

Manitou Passage Management Initiative

Manitou Passage Management Initiative

Video Mosaic Imaging

Rapid Response Documentationof New Site Discoveries

Thunder Bay Underwater Preserve Committee

• Effort to establish a national marine sanctuary began in 1982.

• Local stakeholders working with Michigan State University, NOAA,and the Michigan Governor’s Office.

Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Museum

70,000 average annual paid admissions

25 seasonal and 5 full-time staff

$10 - 12 million annual economic impact

Applications in Heritage Tourism

Ghosts of the Shipwreck Coast

Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society:community-based research and education

Side-Wheel Steamer New OrleansThunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve

TechnologyTransfer

SitePlanning

Maritime Heritage Education Pilot Project

Dunkirk Schooner Project Lake Erie, New York

Purpose: Vessel identification through historical research and archaeological site documentation.

Redridge Dams and Impoundment, Michigan

Premier Exhibitions, Inc.RMS Titanic, Inc.Atlanta, Georgia

CMURM – The Maritime CenterSt. Johns, Michigan

Remote Sensing & GIS Researchand Outreach Services (RS&GIS),

Michigan State University

Such Media, Inc.Okemos, Michigan

THE TITANICMAPPING PROJECT

IntellectualProperty(Archive)

Artifact Collection

DatabaseGeographicInformation

System

ConservationLaboratory

DataRescue

Public Exhibitions

Knowledge-basedProducts

RMS Titanic, Inc. Service and Product Delivery ModelExisting Titanic Mapping Project

Geographic Information System

System Applications:

Information Management

Product Development

Software Development:

Predictive Model for Artifact Location in the RMS Titanic Debris Fields(EMU 2001)

GIS Presentation of RMS Titanic ArtifactsRecovered during Expedition 2000

Knowledge-based ProductsScientific publication that summarizes and integrates the results of all expeditions by RMS Titanic, Inc.

Production of other educational and entertainmentproducts based on materials presented in the scientific publication

Shipwreck Event

Rescue ofCultural Materials

Nutrient RecyclingIn the Deep Ocean

Deepwater Marine Salvage

MarineEcology

Science andTechnology

Public Exhibitions

Storylines: Stewardship of RMS Titanic

Public Exhibitions of the RMS Titanic Site

Social Science-Based Recommendations

• Need for science-based approaches to cultural resource management instead of philosophical, rhetorical approaches.

• Cultural resource management agencies can also benefit from application of applied social research disciplines such as community development; parks, recreation and tourism; and public resource management.

• Measure success in terms of the quality of community stewardship and asset-building instead of the quantity of programmatic activities and self-promotion.

• Embrace community leadership and engage in collaborative change.

• Be patient and do not expect immediate results – it is often a messy, unpredictable endeavor.

• Know your publics, communities, stakeholders, and service markets.

• Plan strategically for the long-run as well as the short-run.

Suggested References

. Vrana, Kenneth J. and Edward Mahoney, editors. 1993. Great Lakes Underwater Cultural Resources: Important Information for Shaping Our Future. Dept. of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing

Fear, Frank A., Cheryl L. Rosaen, Richard J. Bawden, and Pennie G. Foster-Fishman. 2006. Coming to Critical Engagement: An Autoethnographic Exploration. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.

Green, Gary Paul and Anna Haines. 2002. Asset Building & Community Development. Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA.

Vander Stoep, Gail, Kenneth J. Vrana, and Hawk Tolson. 2003. Shipwreck Management: Developing Strategies for Assessment and Monitoring of Newly Discovered Shipwrecks in a Limited Resource Environment. In Proceedings of the 1999 International Symposium on Coastal and Marine Tourism: Balancing Tourism and Conservation; Miller, Marc L., Jan Auyong, and Nina P. Hadley (editors). Washington Sea Grant Program and School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Vrana, Kenneth J., and John R. Halsey. 1992. Shipwreck Allocation and Management in Michigan: A Review of Theory and Practice. Journal of Historical Archaeology 26(4):81-96.

National Marine Protected Areas Center: http://mpa.gov/science_analysis/social_science.html

Business Phone: 989-834-0007

vranaken@earthlink.net

Website: www.cmurm.org(currently being revised and updated)

Center for Maritime & Underwater Resource Management

THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING !

Grand Traverse Bay Underwater Preserve

Important Dates

•October 2005–Conducted very first meeting with community

•August 2006–Submitted Proposal to form an underwater preserve

•June 6th, 2008–Michigan’s 12th bottomlands preserve became official

Grand Traverse Bay Underwater Preserve

•Usually takes 6 - 9 years to become an “official” state underwater preserve.•No state funds are available for program development (limited funds available for projects).•Michigan Underwater Salvage and Preserve Committee must review proposal prior to establishment of an underwater preserve.

How did the GTBUP do it in 22 months?

Explosive Growth• After reviewing other preserve formations, we

found that there wasn’t a significant support system from the community.

• The GTBUP took a different approach and developed a Strategic Plan that would include local, regional, state, and national stakeholders.

• Some preserves never incorporated as a 501(c)3, non profit. – GTBUP functioned under the umbrella of the Grand

Traverse Regional Community Foundation from the start.

• Developed strong relationships with legislators.

Accomplishments• Developed an innovative organization infrastructure in association with

the GTRCF.• Recruitment of numerous individuals and organizations from

surrounding communities, as well as out of region and national professionals. (utilizing “in-state” before considering ‘out-of-state”).

• Preparation & submission of a preserve proposal to the SOM with substantive contributions and input from key stakeholders statewide.

• Organization of the first Underwater Tourism Summit in the Great Lakes region.

• Preparation of an initial Strategic Plan for the GTBUPC involving stakeholders statewide.

• Start-up of a diversity of projects in historical research, underwaterarchaeology, heritage education & underwater recreation and tourism.

• Cost to the State of Michigan: $0

Improvements• There needs to be consistency when it comes to

decisions by agencies and departments within the State of Michigan.

• The proposal process was laborious ‘at best’when it came time to work with state agencies.

• There needs to be a formal, state-wide bottomlands management plan prepared in collaboration with communities and other stakeholders.

Bottom Line• There needs to be a seamless working

relationship between ‘bottomland managers’, environmental agencies, natural resource agencies, economic development organizations, and communities.

• Ensures proper management and responsible use of our natural and cultural resources without compromising tourism related revenue.

Any Question?• For a more detailed explanation on the

process, please e-mail:• greg@gtbup.org

Shipwrecks, Cultural Resources, and Shipwrecks, Cultural Resources, and NOAANOAA’’ss Maritime Heritage ProgramMaritime Heritage Program

Dr. Timothy J. RunyanDr. Timothy J. RunyanNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Maritime Heritage ProgramMaritime Heritage Program

USS USS MonitorMonitor

Copyright © The Mariners' Museum, Newport News, VA, 2005.

Monitor Monitor CenterCenter

The Mariners’ Museum with the USS Monitor Center, a 40,000 sq. ft. wing with exhibition and conservation facilities.Copyright © The Mariners' Museum, Newport News, VA, 2005.

SS SS William G. MatherWilliam G. Mather 19251925Cleveland, OhioCleveland, Ohio

National Marine Sanctuary System

The The PortlandPortland

Courtesy of LARC.

Side scan sonar image of the Portland. Courtesy of Klein Sonar Associates.

The The Portland Portland –– Live BroadcastLive Broadcast

The The TitanicTitanic

Video image © Institute for Exploration/University of Rhode Island.

In the control van on the deck of NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown Dr. Robert Ballard (background) and NOAA Capt. Craig McLean view the deck of the Titanic shipwreck's bow section.

Photo: Bert Fox © National Geographic Society.

NPS BNPS B--29 in Lake Mead29 in Lake Mead

Photos: Brett Seymour NPS/SRC

The Science of Underwater Search and Survey

USS USS AlligatorAlligator

Partners in the Ocracoke Shipwreck Survey and the Search for the

Submarine USS Alligator

University of North Carolina

Coastal Studies Institute

UU--701 North Carolina 701 North Carolina

Eighth Maritime Heritage ConferenceEighth Maritime Heritage Conference

San Diego, San Diego, CaliforniaCaliforniaOctober, 2007October, 2007

The Restoration of the The Restoration of the Charles W. MorganCharles W. Morgan

The Last Remaining Wooden The Last Remaining Wooden Whaling Ship in the WorldWhaling Ship in the World

The Campaign to Preserve One of AmericaThe Campaign to Preserve One of America’’s Greatest Maritime Treasuress Greatest Maritime Treasures

“May kind Neptune protect us with pleasant Gales and may we be

successful in catching Sperm Whales.”-excerpt from the logbook of the first voyage of the

-Charles W. Morgan, 1841

NOAA and Whaling Heritage NOAA and Whaling Heritage

Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, HawaiiPapahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, Hawaii

Whaler Whaler GledstanesGledstanes——Kure, Hawaii Kure, Hawaii Lost 1837 Lost 1837 ------Discovered 2008Discovered 2008

PapahanaumokuakeaPapahanaumokuakea Marine Marine National Monument 2008National Monument 2008

Whaling Heritage SymposiumMystic, CT/New Bedford, MA

June 16-18, 2008

1871 Fleet Abandoned in the Ice. Harper’s Weekly 1871

NAS Volunteer Diver ClassNAS Volunteer Diver ClassSeattle, WA Seattle, WA

NAS Volunteer DiversNAS Volunteer Divers

Chumash Maritime AssociationChumash Maritime AssociationChannel Islands National Marine SanctuaryChannel Islands National Marine Sanctuary

Great Lakes Maritime Heritage Center

Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary

Protection of Underwater Cultural HeritageProtection of Underwater Cultural HeritageNational Marine Sanctuary Act National Marine Sanctuary Act In Sanctuaries to 200 nm EEZ (Economic Enterprise In Sanctuaries to 200 nm EEZ (Economic Enterprise Zone)Zone)

Shipwrecks Shipwrecks ---- Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico

Kad'yakKad'yak

Images courtesy of Kad'yak 2004 Exploration, Tane Casserley, NOAA-OE

MultiMulti--Beam Survey by Beam Survey by NOAA Ship NOAA Ship RainerRainer

NOAA Office of Coast SurveyNOAA Office of Coast Survey

In Memory

Capt Gary Edwards andCrew of F/V Big Valley

Lost in the Bering Sea 15 January 2005

MARITIMEHERITAGE.NOAA.GOV